Non-traditional intrinsic luminescence: inexplicable blue fluorescence observed for dendrimers, macromolecules and small molecular structures lacking traditional/conventional luminophores

A clustering-triggered emission strategy for tunable multicolor persistent phosphorescence

“…S5, ESI †), 43,50 considering the formation of different oxygen clusters and conformation rigidication. 43,50,[53][54][55] Furthermore, the presence of diverse oxygen clusters was also validated by looking at the various lifetimes at different maxima ( Fig. S6 and Table S2, ESI †).…”

“…They are ready to form crystals comprising oxygen clusters, which would also allow access to structural diversity through electronic communications. [53][54][55] Furthermore, multiple hydrogen bonds are benecial for the formation of oxygen clusters with rigid conformations. 51,52 Fortunately, even without any p segments, all the crystals demonstrated tunable multicolor p-RTP and more obvious tunability was achieved for them and their concentrated solutions at 77 K, thus conrming the speculation.…”

Aggregate Science: From Structures to Properties

“…Nonconjugated luminogens that exhibit a clusterization-triggered emission (CTE) effect, known as clusteroluminogens, have recently emerged as new frontier of photonics. [188][189][190][191][192][193][194][195][196][197][198] Clusteroluminogens, including nonconjugated polymers, small molecules and metal clusters, are often nonluminescent as molecular species. [199] As shown in Figure 11A, the isolated molecules possess a large energy gap (∆E 1 ) due to the lack of through-bond conjugation resulting in ∆E 1 always corresponding to an ultraviolet emission that is weak in intensity, and invisible in wavelength to the eye, and may even be below the detection limit of spectrophotometers.…”

Synthesis, Internalization and Visualization of N-(4-Carbomethoxy) Pyrrolidone Terminated PAMAM [G5:G3-TREN] Tecto(dendrimers) in Mammalian Cells

“…In summary, activity in this area is in its infancy, and there remains a need for the synthesis and development of new core-shell tecto(dendrimer) structures. It is hoped these tecto(dendrimer) structures may combine desirable features such as: high biocompatibility, higher multiplicity, polyvalent features (i.e., external binding/interior encapsulation sites) as well as enhanced intrinsic fluorescence properties (i.e., NTIL emissions) suitable for in vivo bioimaging in combination with various drug delivery applications [ 30 ].…”

“…These studies demonstrated that pyrrolidone modified PAMAM-dendrimers manifest dramatically enhanced emission intensities (i.e., >50 fold) compared to unmodified amine terminated PAMAM dendrimers [ 28 , 29 ]. Recent proposed mechanisms to account for the NTIL phenomenon have concluded that these inexplicable blue emissions are largely due to the aggregation/clustering and/or physico-chemical confinement of normally non-emissive, electron-rich, hetero-atomic, functionalized moieties, (HASLs) (i.e., heteroatomic subluminophores) [ 30 ]. As such, the architectural immobilization of certain HASLs within the interior of PAMAM dendrimers led to some of the first reported examples of NTIL in the literature [ 31 , 32 ].…”