Non-technological challenges for the remote operation of automated vehicles

Goodall, Noah J.

doi:10.1016/j.tra.2020.09.024

Cited by 20 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Remote operation can be divided into two distinct categories: remote assistance, where the operator only provides routing instructions that are then executed by the vehicle's automated control system, and remote driving, where the operator controls the vehicle's steering, throttle, breaking, signaling, etc. [1]. The requirements for hardware, bandwidth, and networking for implementing remote driving are more demanding than for remote assistance.…”

Section: Remote Operationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each country has their own legislation for allowing vehicles to be controlled remotely. In general, many countries have set up laws that would allow remotely operated vehicles on public roads, and for example in most states in the United States, remote operations are viable option for driving as long as the operator has a valid driver's license [1]. Similar legislature has been set on the EU level [10].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Multimodal Warnings in Remote Operation: The Case Study on Remote Driving

Kallioniemi

Burova

Mäkelä

et al. 2021

MTI

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Developments in sensor technology, artificial intelligence, and network technologies like 5G has made remote operation a valuable method of controlling various types of machinery. The benefits of remote operations come with an opportunity to access hazardous environments. The major limitation of remote operation is the lack of proper sensory feedback from the machine, which in turn negatively affects situational awareness and, consequently, may risk remote operations. This article explores how to improve situational awareness via multimodal feedback (visual, auditory, and haptic) and studies how it can be utilized to communicate warnings to remote operators. To reach our goals, we conducted a controlled, within-subjects experiment in eight conditions with twenty-four participants on a simulated remote driving system. Additionally, we gathered further insights with a UX questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. Gathered data showed that the use of multimodal feedback positively affected situational awareness when driving remotely. Our findings indicate that the combination of added haptic and visual feedback was considered the best feedback combination to communicate the slipperiness of the road. We also found that the feeling of presence is an important aspect of remote driving tasks, and a requested one, especially by those with more experience in operating real heavy machinery.

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Section: Remote Operationmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multimodal Warnings in Remote Operation: The Case Study on Remote Driving

Kallioniemi

Burova

Mäkelä

et al. 2021

MTI

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“…Existing research has attempted to explore the teleoperation of vehicle automation from different perspectives. Goodall [ 18 ] reviewed the legal environment of the teleoperation of vehicles and developed a model to predict the required number of remote drivers for operating large-scale automated vehicle fleets. The model prediction results indicated that a high proportion of jobs currently belonging to professional human drivers in the USA could potentially be replaced by automated vehicles managed by remote drivers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploration into the Needs and Requirements of the Remote Driver When Teleoperating the 5G-Enabled Level 4 Automated Vehicle in the Real World—A Case Study of 5G Connected and Automated Logistics

Zhang

Edwards

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Connected and automated vehicles have the potential to deliver significant environmental, safety, economic and social benefits. The key advancement for automated vehicles with higher levels of automation (SAE Level 4 and over) is fail-operational. One possible solution for the failsafe mode of automated vehicles is a 5G-enabled teleoperation system controlled by remote drivers. However, knowledge is missing regarding understanding of the human–machine interaction in teleoperation from the perspective of remote drivers. To address this research gap, this study qualitatively investigated the acceptance, attitudes, needs and requirements of remote drivers when teleoperating a 5G-enabled Level 4 automated vehicle (5G L4 AV) in the real world. The results showed that remote drivers are positive towards the 5G L4 AV. They would like to constantly monitor the driving when they are not controlling the vehicle remotely. Improving their field of vision for driving and enhancing the perception of physical motion feedback are the two key supports required by remote drivers in 5G L4 AVs. The knowledge gained in this study provides new insights into facilitating the design and development of safe, effective and user-friendly teleoperation systems in vehicle automation.

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“…However, this is soon going to change. With many modes of transportation already becoming automated or implementing autonomous systems (Goodall 2020;Outay et al 2020), the maritime industry is lagging behind. However, it will eventually catch up-sooner rather than later.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implications of autonomous shipping for maritime education and training: the cadet’s perspective

et al. 2022

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The Industrial Revolution 4.0 has not left the transportation sector behind. All modes of transportation have, to some extent, already been affected, and maritime is the last to join them. Currently available technology makes autonomous merchant ships a possible alternative to conventional, manned vessels with seafarers. This upcoming shift requires the preparation of necessary policies, such as rethinking obsolete training curricula, in relation to a variety of aspects of the industry, including the future of seafaring as a profession. To formulate such policies, the views of professional seafarers and scholars are sometimes solicited, but the opinions of industry entrants are often neglected. However, the latter may also have some interesting views on the future of their profession, which may be relevant to policy-makers. The results of a worldwide survey, conducted using the Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing (CAWI) method, suggest that the future generation of seafarers fears automation less than their mentors. Although they expect their skills to be useful in automation-driven shipping, they also feel that their Maritime Education and Training institutions (MET) are not doing enough to prepare them for the challenges that the future may hold. This may be due to a lack or poor coverage of shipping autonomization issues in MET curricula, which was mentioned by as many as 41.9% of the respondents. This finding advocates for rethinking the curricula of METs and human resources management in the shipping industry of the future.

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Non-technological challenges for the remote operation of automated vehicles

Cited by 20 publications

References 27 publications

Multimodal Warnings in Remote Operation: The Case Study on Remote Driving

Multimodal Warnings in Remote Operation: The Case Study on Remote Driving

Exploration into the Needs and Requirements of the Remote Driver When Teleoperating the 5G-Enabled Level 4 Automated Vehicle in the Real World—A Case Study of 5G Connected and Automated Logistics

Implications of autonomous shipping for maritime education and training: the cadet’s perspective

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