Non-stenotic Carotid Plaques in Embolic Stroke of Unknown Source

Kamtchum‐Tatuene, Joseph; Nomani, Ali Zohair; Falcione, Sarina; Munsterman, Danielle; Sykes, Gina; Joy, Twinkle; Spronk, Elena; Vargas, María Isabel; Jickling, Glen C.

doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.719329

Cited by 21 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 156 publications

(153 reference statements)

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“…The carotid area is easily accessible for non-invasive studies and is relatively accurate. Carotid plaque plays a major role in the occurrence of cerebrocardiovascular disease ( 23 , 24 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Triglyceride-Glucose Index Is Related to Carotid Plaque and Its Stability in Nondiabetic Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

Wang

Zhou

et al. 2022

Front. Neurol.

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BackgroundCarotid plaque plays an important role in the development of stroke. The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is a reliable alternative marker of insulin resistance. However, there are limited data regarding the relationship between TyG index and carotid plaque and its stability in nondiabetic adults.MethodsThis study was carried out on 24,895 urban workers (10,978 men and 13,917 women) aged 20 years or older who participated in a comprehensive health screening between January 2016 and December 2017 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China. Carotid plaque was assessed using ultrasonography. TyG index was calculated as ln [fasting triglyceride (mg/dL) × fasting glucose (mg/dL) /2]. Logistic regression models and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were used to estimate the association of the TyG index with carotid plaque and its stability by odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsCarotid plaque was detected in 5,668 (22.8%) respondents, with stable and unstable plaque accounting for 2,511 (10.1%) and 3,158 (12.7%), respectively. There was a significant positive association between the prevalence of carotid plaque and TyG index quartile levels, and the same associations were observed for the prevalence of stable and unstable carotid plaque (P for trend <0.0001). The multivariable-adjusted ORs (95% CIs) for the highest vs. lowest quartile of TyG index were 1.30 (1.15–1.47) for carotid plaque, 1.38 (1.17–1.63) for stable carotid plaque, and 1.24 (1.07–1.43) for unstable carotid plaque. The RCS analysis showed a linear association between TyG index and carotid plaque, and linear associations were also observed between TyG index and both stable carotid plaque and unstable carotid plaque (P for linearity<0.05).ConclusionOur findings suggested that the TyG index was significantly associated with carotid plaque and might be a useful indicator for the early identification of carotid plaque in nondiabetic subjects.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Triglyceride-Glucose Index Is Related to Carotid Plaque and Its Stability in Nondiabetic Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

Wang

Zhou

et al. 2022

Front. Neurol.

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“…Another larger clinical study demonstrated that only 3.4% of ESUS patients were diagnosed clinically with AF during the trial follow-up period [ 20 ]. Similarly, studies have shown that 5–9% of ESUS patients with non-stenotic carotid plaque have PFO [ 21 ]. Our study was a cross-sectional study without long-term follow-up and we did not perform transesophageal ultrasonography in the patient screening, the impact of non-stenotic carotid plaque on ESUS might be overestimated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of non-stenotic carotid plaque in embolic stroke of undetermined source compared with cardiogenic embolism: a retrospective cross-sectional observational study

et al. 2022

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Background Non-stenotic carotid plaque is considered an important etiology of embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS). However, only a few previous studies included a negative control group, and the characteristics of non-stenotic carotid plaque in ESUS have yet to be investigated. The objective of this study is to explore the clinical characteristics of ESUS and the correlation between non-stenotic carotid plaque and ESUS. Methods This is a single-center, retrospective cross-sectional observational study conducted to compare differences in clinical information among ESUS, CE, and large-artery atherosclerosis (LAA), as well as the prevalence of non-stenotic carotid plaque and non-stenotic carotid plaque with low echo between patients with ESUS and CE in Changzhou No.2 People’s Hospital from January 2020 to January 2022. Ultrasound was used to evaluate the characteristics of non-stenotic carotid plaque and vulnerable carotid plaque was defined as plaque with low echo. The binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between the characteristics of non-stenotic carotid plaque and ESUS. The receiver-operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of the characteristics of non-stenotic carotid plaque for ESUS. Results We had a final studying population of 280 patients including 81 with ESUS, 37 with CE, and 162 with LAA. There were no differences in clinical features between ESUS and LAA, but in the comparison of CE and ESUS, there were differences in age, smoking, hypertension, levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. In ESUS, the prevalence of non-stenotic carotid plaque was more common on the ipsilateral side of stroke than in CE [55 (67.90%) vs. 18 (48.65%), p = 0.046], so was the prevalence of non-stenotic carotid plaque with low echo [38 (46.91%) vs. 5 (13.51%), p < 0.001]. Logistic regression analysis showed that the prevalence of non-stenotic carotid plaque (OR: 4.19; 95% CI: 1.45–12.11; p = 0.008) and the prevalence of non-stenotic carotid plaque with low echo (OR: 5.12; 95% CI: 1.55–16.93; p = 0.007) were, respectively, the independent predictors of ESUS. The results receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed that the combination of age, hypertension, and ipsilateral non-stenotic carotid plaque with low echo had the best diagnostic efficiency for ESUS (0.811; 95%CI: 0.727–0.896; p < 0.001). Conclusion Our results suggest that ipsilateral vulnerable non-stenotic carotid plaque is associated with ESUS in anterior circulation infarction.

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“…Selection of independent variables to include in the multivariable models was based on available evidence of association with atherosclerosis. 24,25 Considering our previous work suggesting that the presence of high-risk features is not dependent on plaque severity, we did not include plaque severity in the model to predict baseline plaque vulnerability. 15 However, we considered the baseline ipsilateral plaque severity score and the baseline ipsilateral plaque vulnerability in the logistic regression model to predict plaque progression at 5 years and explored the interaction with log IL-6.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interleukin-6 Predicts Carotid Plaque Severity, Vulnerability, and Progression

Kamtchum‐Tatuene

Saba

Heldner

et al. 2022

Circulation Research

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BACKGROUND: IL-6 (interleukin-6) has important roles in atherosclerosis pathophysiology. To determine if anti-IL-6 therapy warrants evaluation as an adjuvant stroke prevention strategy in patients with carotid atherosclerosis, we tested whether circulating IL-6 levels predict carotid plaque severity, vulnerability, and progression in the prospective population-based CHS (Cardiovascular Health Study). METHODS: Duplex carotid ultrasound was performed at baseline and 5 years. Baseline plaque severity was scored 0 to 5 based on North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial grade of stenosis. Plaque vulnerability at baseline was the presence of markedly irregular, ulcerated, or echolucent plaques. Plaque progression at 5 years was a ≥1 point increase in stenosis severity. The relationship of baseline plasma IL-6 levels with plaque characteristics was modeled using multivariable linear (severity) or logistic (vulnerability and progression) regression. Risk factors of atherosclerosis were included as independent variables. Stepwise backward elimination was used with P >0.05 for variable removal. To assess model stability, we computed the E -value or minimum strength of association (odds ratio scale) that unmeasured confounders must have with log IL-6 and the outcome to suppress the association. We performed internal validation with 100 bootstrap samples. RESULTS: There were 4334 participants with complete data (58.9% women, mean age: 72.7±5.1 years), including 1267 (29.2%) with vulnerable plaque and 1474 (34.0%) with plaque progression. Log IL-6 predicted plaque severity (β=0.09, P =1.3×10 −3 ), vulnerability (OR, 1.21 [95% CI, 1.05–1.40]; P =7.4×10 −3 , E -value=1.71), and progression (OR, 1.44 [95% CI, 1.23-1.69], P =9.1×10 −6 , E -value 2.24). In participants with >50% predicted probability of progression, mean log IL-6 was 0.54 corresponding to 2.0 pg/mL. Dichotomizing IL-6 levels did not affect the performance of prediction models. CONCLUSIONS: Circulating IL-6 predicts carotid plaque severity, vulnerability, and progression. The 2.0 pg/mL cutoff could facilitate the selection of individuals that would benefit from anti-IL-6 drugs for stroke prevention.

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Non-stenotic Carotid Plaques in Embolic Stroke of Unknown Source

Cited by 21 publications

References 156 publications

Triglyceride-Glucose Index Is Related to Carotid Plaque and Its Stability in Nondiabetic Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

Triglyceride-Glucose Index Is Related to Carotid Plaque and Its Stability in Nondiabetic Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

Characteristics of non-stenotic carotid plaque in embolic stroke of undetermined source compared with cardiogenic embolism: a retrospective cross-sectional observational study

Interleukin-6 Predicts Carotid Plaque Severity, Vulnerability, and Progression

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