Non-specific effects of methylphenidate (Ritalin) on cognitive ability and decision-making of ADHD and healthy adults

Agay, Nirit; Yechiam, Eldad; Carmel, Ziv; Levkovitz, Yechiel

doi:10.1007/s00213-010-1853-4

Cited by 89 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…On the other hand, our results in healthy young adults are in line with a recent study of the effect of MPH in normal young adults for whom MPH had no effect on the TOVA. However, these authors also found the same result for their subjects with ADHD [13], a finding inconsistent with the bulk of literature confirming that the TOVA is sensitive to MPH in individuals with ADHD [24,25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…In the second screening, subjects completed multiple questionnaires to identify these disorders and low-threshold clinical cutoff criteria were used. Thus, it is unlikely that undiagnosed individuals were included in the group, a phenomenon that may have contributed to positive results in other studies where less rigorous criteria were used [10,13]. In addition, the subjects received detailed instructions regarding each stage of the test to be certain that their performance would be optimal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The influence of MPH on decision making has been assessed in several pathologies. Children with ADHD [12] (but not adults with ADHD [13]) and adults with fronto-temporal dementia [14] decrease the sum of bet on a gambling test, reflecting attenuation of risk taking. However, there was no influence of the drug on the quality of the choice or on the response time, variables that are usually attributed to the drug's known inhibitory effect, suggesting that the drug may have yet another, unknown mechanism of action in the process of decision making.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Single Dose Methylphenidate Does Not Impact on Attention and Decision Making in Healthy Medical Students

Shalev

2012

J Neurol Res

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Single Dose Methylphenidate Does Not Impact on Attention and Decision Making in Healthy Medical Students

Shalev

2012

J Neurol Res

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“…Problems emerge when recent studies demonstrated that Ritalin's effect on cognitive performance is not exclusive to people with ADHD; it also has positive effects on normal individuals (Agay, Yechiam, Carmel, & Levkovitz, 2010). According to these studies, normal individuals who take Ritalin have been shown to perform better in some of the cognitive tests than those who do not use the drug (Agay et al, 2010).…”

Section: Potential For Abusementioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to these studies, normal individuals who take Ritalin have been shown to perform better in some of the cognitive tests than those who do not use the drug (Agay et al, 2010). Since the drug can have positive effects on both ADHD patients and normal individuals, it may propagate misdiagnoses of the disorder.…”

Section: Potential For Abusementioning

confidence: 99%

The Over-prescription of Ritalin for Suspected Cases of ADHD

Chan¹,

Dennis²,

MacLeod³

2012

RISS-IJHS

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Le méthylphénidate (Ritalin), qui est le traitement le plus souvent prescrit pour l'hyperactivité avec déficit de l'attention (HDA), a été de plus en plus prescrit au cours des dix dernières années. Vu l'absence actuelle de fondements biologiques du diagnostic de HDA, les médecins posent leur diagnostic en fonction de symptômes comportementaux, comme l'hyperactivité du sujet et son incapacité à fixer son attention. Étant donné que n'importe qui peut faire preuve de ces comportements à un moment de sa vie, le risque qu'on diagnostique trop souvent cette maladie augmente, ce qui peut provoquer de trop nombreuses ordonnances de Ritalin. La documentation relative à la HDA indique que les critères utilisés pour diagnostiquer cette maladie ont beaucoup changé depuis qu'elle a été identifiée pour la première fois, si bien que les experts ont des opinions diverses en ce qui concerne les facteurs pouvant être considérés comme des symptômes de ces troubles. De plus, de récentes recherches ont démontré que le Ritalin pouvait améliorer les facultés cognitives des gens bien portants tout autant que des sujets atteints de HDA. Les données indiquent que des gens sains cherchant à améliorer leurs facultés cognitives risquent d'abuser du Ritalin, et, d'ailleurs, on a signalé que des étudiants l'utilisaient pour améliorer leur rendement scolaire. De plus, la sur-prescription de Ritalin pose plusieurs questions éthiques. Les enfants étant le groupe pour lequel le HDA est le plus susceptible d'être diagnostiqué, les critiques se demandent s'il est approprié de prescrire un médicament pour une maladie à diagnostic comportemental qui, selon eux, risque de nuire à l'originalité et à la créativité des enfants, et donc d'entraver leur développement personnel. Même si d'autres thérapies comportementales existent pour cette maladie, elles ont tendance à être plus onéreuses et plus longues que la simple prescription d'un médicament, ce qui peut expliquer pourquoi le Ritalin demeure le traitement le plus fréquent. L'auteur conclut qu'il faut être prudent lorsqu'on prescrit des médicaments pour la HDA, et qu'il faudrait consacrer davantage de temps et de ressources à l'élaboration de critères de diagnostic plus cohérents, ainsi que d'autres traitements potentiels que les médica-ments pour cette maladie. Mots-clés :Méthylphénidate, Ritalin, sur-ordonnancement, HDA 36 Abstract:Methylphenidate (Ritalin), the current leading form of treatment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), has seen a dramatic increase in prescription rate over the past ten years. No contemporary biological basis for ADHD diagnosis results in physicians making their diagnoses based on behavioural symptoms such as hyperactivity and inability to focus. Considering that these symptoms are behaviours that anyone may express at one point in their life, the risk of over-diagnosis of the disease increases. This may subsequently lead to over-prescription of Ritalin. This paper aims to evaluate and identify the causes and effects of Ritalin over-prescription. Key lit...

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Extended-release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults

Boesen

Danborg

Gøtzsche

et al. 2017

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

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Non-specific effects of methylphenidate (Ritalin) on cognitive ability and decision-making of ADHD and healthy adults

Abstract: Our data therefore demonstrates that (a) MPH is capable of enhancing specific aspects of cognitive performance and (b) this enhancement is not specific to ADHD.

Cited by 89 publications

References 40 publications

Single Dose Methylphenidate Does Not Impact on Attention and Decision Making in Healthy Medical Students

Single Dose Methylphenidate Does Not Impact on Attention and Decision Making in Healthy Medical Students

The Over-prescription of Ritalin for Suspected Cases of ADHD

Extended-release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults

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