Non-phthalate plasticizer from camphor for flexible PVC with a wide range of available temperature

125

Phthalate esters received a considerable attention owing to its various applications and the harmful health effects resulting from phthalate exposure; thus, finding an alternative to phthalate derivatives became a necessity. Phthalate esters are commonly used as plasticizer in polymer formulation; in particular for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) formulation. According to the researches in the last 18 years, epoxidized vegetable oils are one of the alternatives that are strongly encouraged to substitute phthalate esters since they were proven to be valid in various applications, eco-friendly and sustainable resource. However, most of the production practices for epoxidized vegetable oil are via conventional epoxidation that concentrates on a catalyst that is homogeneous and non-reusable. This type of catalyst, however, causes several problems later in the process. Therefore, the selective epoxidation of vegetable oils process requires new catalytic systems that are more aligned with the green chemistry principles. This article reviews the harmful health effects associated with the exposure to phthalate esters products, explains the usage of oleochemicals resources as a substitute to phthalate esters and describes different approaches for the epoxidation of vegetable oils. Finally, it draws attention to the usage of epoxy and bio-based compounds as plasticizers in PVC manufacturing.

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Epoxidized vegetable oil and bio‐based materials as PVC plasticizer

Hosney

Nadiem

Ashour

et al. 2018

125

“…Therefore, more and more countries are beginning to reduce the use of phthalate plasticizers. However, phthalate plasticizers are still widely used because of their low cost and good properties …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on plasticization and flame retardancy of phosphorus‐containing branched polybutylene adipate in poly (vinyl chloride)

Shi

et al. 2019

The antimigration polyester plasticizers have been attracting more attention in recent years due to the environmental pollution problems. Therefore, in order to decrease the impacts on environment, the linear polybutylene adipate (LPBA) with low molecular weight was synthesized by melting polycondensation and using adipic acid and 1,4-butanediol (BD) as raw materials, then three hydroxymethyl phosphine oxide (THPO) as a branching agent was introduced into LPBA to prepare a phosphorus-containing branched polybutylene adipate (BPBAP), and its structures was well-characterized. For the purpose of studying their plasticizing effects, the BPBAP was blended with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) to obtain a composite material. The results of antimigration testing demonstrate that the BPBAP had better antimigration properties than other plasticizers. Meanwhile, the mechanical property data indicate that the plasticizing effect of BPBAP for PVC is better than that of LPBA. The elongation at break of PVC/BPBAP3 (amount of 3.0% THPO as branching agent) reaches 152%, which is 30.7% higher than that of PVC/LPBA. The low-temperature toughness of PVC/BPBAP3 is 26.9% higher than that of PVC/LPBA. Finally, about fire-resisted performance, PVC/BPBAP5 (amount of 5.0% THPO as branching agent) is 34.1% lower than that of PVC/dioctyl phthalate for peak heat release rate.

Effect of ketal group in castor oil acid‐based plasticizer on the properties of poly(vinyl chloride)

Zhu

et al. 2021

Two castor oil acid esters containing a ketal or ketone group (KCL or CL), as alternative plasticizers for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), were prepared. The structures were confirmed by 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopies. The effects of the presence of a ketal or ketone group in these compounds on PVC plasticization were examined. The DMA and SEM results showed that both plasticizers were miscible with PVC and exhibited excellent plasticizing properties, compared to those of dioctyl phthalate (DOP). The PVC plasticized by KCL displayed a lower Tg value of 20.6°C, which was lower than that of PVC plasticized with DOP (22.3°C) and PVC plasticized with CL (40.5°C). Tensile tests indicated that PVC plasticized using KCL showed a 37% higher of elongation at break than PVC plasticized by CL and 30% higher than PVC plasticized by DOP. The plasticizing mechanism was also investigated. Moreover, exudation, volatility, and extraction tests, along with TGA indicated that the presence of ketal groups effectively improved the migration resistance of plasticizer and the thermal stability of PVC blends. Taken together, introducing ketal groups into plasticizer might be an effective strategy for improving its plasticizing efficiency.