Non-pegmatitic Deposits of Beryllium: Mineralogy, Geology, Phase Equilibria and Origin

Barton, Mark D.; Young, S. W.

doi:10.2138/rmg.2002.50.14

Cited by 96 publications

(122 citation statements)

References 243 publications

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“…All major oxide (except SiO 2 and CaO) values decrease in stream sediment, possibly during transportation from altered metamorphic units. Beryllium-bearing fluid associated with SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 may indicate thermodynamic conditions (P, T) that are related to the alkalinity of melts and fluids through reactions (Barton and Young, 2002). Thus, beryl is stable under high silica activities and temperature (> 600°C) conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Cr-bearing beryl in stream sediment from Eskişehir, NW Turkey

Erkoyun

Kadır

2016

Earth sci. res. j.

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Beryl crystals are found within stream sediments transecting schists in the northeast of Eskişehir, western Anatolia. This paper studied the Eskişehir beryl crystals with optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and geochemical analyses. Beryl is accompanied by garnet, glaucophane, quartz, epidote, muscovite and chlorite in the stream sediments. The crystals are euhedral emerald (green gem beryl) and light bluishgreen aquamarine, with ideal sharp IR bands. Wet chemical analysis of Eskişehir beryl yielded 61.28% SiO2, 15.13% Al2O3, 12.34% BeO, 0.18% Cr2O3, 1.49% MgO, 1.69% Na2O, 0.98% Fe2O3, and 0.008% V2O3, resulting in the formula (Al1.75Cr0.01Mg0.22Fe0.08)(Be2.90Si6.00)(Na0.32)O18. Large Ion Lithophile Elements (LILE) (barium, strontium), some transition metals (cobalt, except nickel) and High Field Strength Elements (HFSE) (niobium, zirconium, and yttrium) in stream sediments that are associated with beryl exhibited low content about metamorphic rocks. Beryl formation appears to be controlled by upthrust faults and fractures that juxtaposed them with Cr-bearing ophiolitic units and a regime of metasomatic reactions. Such beryl crystals have also been found in detrital sediments that are derived from the schists.Cristales de berilio fueron encontrados en sedimentos de corrientes que atraviesan en esquistos en el noreste de Eskisehir, al oeste de Anatolia. En este artículo se presentan resultados sobre el estudio de los cristales de berilio de Eskisehir con microscopio electrónico de barrido (SEM-EDX, del inglés Scanning Electron Microscopy), espectroscopia infrarroja y análisis geoquímicos. El berilio estaba acompañado de granate, glaucofana, cuarzo, epidota, moscovita, y clorito en las corrientes sedmientarias. Los cristales son esmeraldas de formas definidas (gema verde de berilio) y aguamarinas color verde celeste, con bandas de espectroscopia infrarroja de buena nitidez. El análisis químico húmedo del berilio de Eskisehir mostró 61.28 % de SiO2, 15.13 % de Al2O3, 12.34 % de BeO, 0.18 % de Cr2O3, 1.49 % de MgO, 1.69 % de Na2O, 0.98 % de Fe2O3, y 0.008% de V2O3, lo que resulta en la formula (Al1.75Cr0.01Mg0.22Fe0.08)(Be2.90Si6.00)(Na0.32)O18. Los elementos litófilos de ion grande (bario, estroncio), algunos metales de transición (cobalto, excepto níquel) y los elementos de gran campo de fuerza (niobio, circonio e itrio) en las corrientes de sedimentos que están con berilio mostraron un bajo contenido sobre las rocas metamórficas. Las formaciones de berilio aparecen controladas por fallas de cabalgamiento y fracturas que se yuxtaponen con las unidades ofiolíticas relacionadas con cromo y un régimen de reacciones metasomáticas. Estos cristales de berilio se han encontrado también en sedimentos detríticos que se derivan de los esquistos. EARTH SCIENCES

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Cr-bearing beryl in stream sediment from Eskişehir, NW Turkey

Erkoyun

Kadır

2016

Earth sci. res. j.

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“…The relative stabilities of the major beryllium minerals (table E2) and their occurrence in diverse geologic environments are well established (Beus, 1966;Barton and Young, 2002;Černý, 2002).…”

Section: Mineralogymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…) is the primary beryllium silicate mineral that forms in rocks at high temperatures, and it has relatively widespread natural abundance (Barton, 1986;Barton and Young, 2002, and references therein). Beryllium saturation, and thus beryl solubility, varies as a function of the activities of beryllium, aluminum, and silicon.…”

Section: Beryl (Fig E2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Beryllium

Foley¹,

Jaskula²,

Piatak³

et al. 2017

Professional Paper

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Division; available at http://periodic.lanl.gov/images/periodictable.pdf. Cover.Upper left, nodule of fluorite, opal, and quartz that contains about 1 percent beryllium as bertrandite. Photograph from Foley and others (2012). Lower left, lithium-cesium-tantalum-type pegmatite that shows typical green coloration in an assemblage of quartz and mica. Photograph from USGS archive. Upper right, beryllium metal is used to make mirrors of powerful telescopes. Photograph courtesy of Ball Aerospace. Lower right, beryllium-copper alloys are used to make contacts and connectors, switches, relays, and shielding for everything from cell phones and computers to thermostats, high-definition televisions, and automobiles, as well as electrical connectors necessary for next-generation Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometers, and electrical contacts in cell phones and computers. Photograph courtesy of Spectromat Massenspektrometer GmbH. BerylliumBy Nora K. Foley, Brian W. Jaskula, Nadine M. Piatak, and Ruth F. Schulte Chapter E of Critical Mineral Resources of the United States-Economic and Environmental Geology and Prospects for Future SupplyEdited by Klaus J. Schulz, John H. DeYoung, Jr., Robert R. Seal II, and Dwight C. Bradley For more information on the USGS-the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment-visit https://www.usgs.gov or call 1-888-ASK-USGS.For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov/.Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner.Suggested citation: Foley, N.K., Jaskula, B.W., Piatak, N.M., and Schulte, R.F., 2017, Beryllium, chap. E of Schulz, K.J., DeYoung, J.H., Jr., Seal, R.R., II, and Bradley, D.C., eds., Critical mineral resources of the United States-Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1802, p. E1-E32, https://doi.org/ 10.3133/pp1802E. Supplemental InformationSpecific conductance is given in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (µS/cm at 25 °C). Activities for radioactive constituents in air are given in microcuries per milliliter (µCi/mL). ConcentrationsDeposit grades are commonly given in percent, grams per metric ton (g/t)-which is equivalent to parts per million (ppm)-or troy ounces per short ton (oz/T).Geologic ages are expressed in mega-annum (Ma, million years before present, or 10 6 years ago) or giga-annum (Ga, billion years before present, or 10 9 years ago).For ranges of years, "to" and (or) the en dash ("-") mean "up to and including." Concentration unit Equals AbstractBeryllium is a mineral commodity that is used in a variety of industries to make products th...

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“…They are characteristically enriched in fluorine, and also contain elements such as Li, Rb, Cs, U, Th, and Be (Burt et al, 1982;Christiansen et al, 1983). The Thomas Range rhyolite, recognized as a source of topaz for over a century (Ream, 1979;Wilson, 1995), is located adjacent to Spor Mountain, the world's largest economic source of beryllium (Shawe, 1968;Christiansen et al, 1984;Barton and Young, 2002). At that deposit, the ore consists of disseminated bertrandite-Be 4 Si 2 O 7 (OH) 2 -and fluorite (CaF 2 ) in a water-deposited rhyolitic tuff (Lindsey, 1977).…”

Section: Geology and Genesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…chemically reacted with rhyolitic glass, alkali feldspar, and Fe-Mn oxide minerals (bixbyite) along the fractures, primarily as a replacement of alkali feldspar (see also Aurisicchio et al, 1990;Barton and Young, 2002). * As temperatures continued to drop, subsequent reactions produced an acidic aqueous fluid that caused clay alteration along the fractures and within portions of the rhyolite.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%