Non-parametric Data Analysis of Low-latitude Auroras and Naked-eye Sunspots in the Medieval Epoch

Historical aurora borealis catalog for Anatolia and Constantinople (hABcAC) during the Eastern Roman Empire period: implications for past solar activity

“…According to Link (1962) and Hayakawa et al (2017), an aurora appeared in Asia Minor on 22 August 502, Thursday. This aurora was also observed in both Edessa (Botley, 1964) and Palestine after an earthquake (Russell, 1985) based on to the Chronicle of Joshua the Stylite and the Chronicle of Zuqnin. Joshua the Stylite described it: "On the 22 August this year, on the night preceding Friday, a great fire appeared to us blazing in the northern quarter all night.…”

“…Constantinople (hABcAC) in the Medieval period A historical aurora catalog observed only in Anatolia and Constantinople during the Medieval period is propounded and collected from the Link (1962), Botley (1964), Baldwin (1969), Newton (1972), Stothers (1979), Eather (1980, Silverman (1998), Dall'Olmo (1979, Andreasyan (2000), Little (2007), Silverman (2006), and Neuhäuser and Neuhäuser (2015) resources. In this catalog, 21 different historical aurora observations recorded in Anatolia and Constantinople during the Medieval period are presented in Table 2.…”

“…Link 1962, Botley (1964), Hayakawa et al (2017) 4. 633 Constantinople A bloody spear and a light of the sky were sighted for nearly the all night.…”

“…21 Nov 1097, Monday Edessa A frightful and strange omen appeared in the northern portion of the sky. Link (1962), Silverman (2006), Andreasyan (2000), Botley (1964) 14. 30 Dec 1097, Friday Antioch A very fabulous sign was watched in the sky.…”

Historical Aurora Borealis Observations in Anatolia during medieval period: Implications for the past solar activity

“…Vaquero and Trigo (2012) stated the period from 1095 to 1204 as an average solar cycle length. Bekli et al (2017) demonstrated that the naked-eye sun spot observations from 974 to 1278 and aurora records from 965 to 1273 show multiple unusual peaks related to the high solar activitiy at latitudes below 45 by using Chinese and Korean historical sources.…”