Non-neutralizing antibodies to SARS-Cov-2-related linear epitopes induce psychotic-like behavior in mice

Abstract

ObjectiveAn increasing number of studies have reported that numerous patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and vaccinated individuals have developed central nervous system (CNS) symptoms, and that most of the antibodies in their sera have no virus-neutralizing ability. We tested the hypothesis that non-neutralizing anti-S1-111 IgG induced by the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) could negatively affect the CNS.MethodsAfter 14-day acclimation, the grouped ApoE-/- mice were immunized four times (day 0, day 7, day 14, day 28) with different spike-protein-derived peptides (coupled with KLH) or KLH via subcutaneous injection. Antibody level, state of glial cells, gene expression, prepulse inhibition, locomotor activity, and spatial working memory were assessed from day 21.ResultsAn increased level of anti-S1-111 IgG was measured in their sera and brain homogenate after the immunization. Crucially, anti-S1-111 IgG increased the density of microglia, activated microglia, and astrocytes in the hippocampus, and we observed a psychomotor-like behavioral phenotype with defective sensorimotor gating and impaired spontaneity among S1-111-immunized mice. Transcriptome profiling showed that up-regulated genes in S1-111-immunized mice were mainly associated with synaptic plasticity and mental disorders.DiscussionOur results show that the non-neutralizing antibody anti-S1-111 IgG induced by the spike protein caused a series of psychotic-like changes in model mice by activating glial cells and modulating synaptic plasticity. Preventing the production of anti-S1-111 IgG (or other non-neutralizing antibodies) may be a potential strategy to reduce CNS manifestations in COVID-19 patients and vaccinated individuals.

‘Spikeopathy’: COVID-19 Spike Protein Is Pathogenic, from Both Virus and Vaccine mRNA

“…TNF and C1q from activated microglia further activate A1 astrocytes [215] that are thought to be neurotoxic by mediating neuronal damage and serving as foci for prion propagation [216]. Nonneutralising antibodies after vaccination against spike protein peptides in mice have also been demonstrated to activate glial cells and astrocytes [217], consistent with this proposed mechanism of activated astrocytes, prion formation and cognitive dysfunction.…”