Non-Molecular Information Transfer from Thyroxine to Frogs

Endler, P. C.; Pongratz, W.; Smith, C. W.; Schulte, Jürgen; Senekowitsch, F.; Citro, M.

doi:10.1007/978-94-011-5804-6_11

Cited by 35 publications

(40 citation statements)

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“…from the Boltzmann Institute and R.v.W. from the Department of Molecular Cell Biology of Utrecht University (1990, [6,7]) and W.S., C.Z., and H.L. (2000, [14], fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a first set of studies, we used frog larvae from a highland population during metamorphosis, when the animals' thyroxine level is comparatively high [5]. In experiments performed in Graz and Vienna, Austria, and Utrecht, Netherlands, it was found that a homeopathically prepared dilution of thyroxine (10 -30 parts by weight) diminished the speed of metamorphosis [6,7] and the intensity of climbing activity [8] in Rana temporaria frogs from 1,600 m above sea level. The highland environment presumably favors greater sensitivity towards thyroxine or comparatively high thyroxine levels in amphibia [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pretreatment with Thyroxine (10–8 Parts by Weight) Enhances a ‘Curative’ Effect of Homeopathically Prepared Thyroxine (10–13) on Lowland Frogs

Endler¹,

Lüdtke

Heckmann³

et al. 2003

Complement Med Res

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We studied the influence of a moderate homeopathically prepared thyroxine dilution (final concentration in the basin water 10–¹³ parts by weight) on the metamorphosis of lowland Rana temporaria which had been hyperstimulated with thyroxine. Two groups of animals were pretreated by immersing them in a molecular thyroxine dilution (10–⁸ parts by weight). This pretreatment speeds up development, as is well known. In accordance with the homeopathic/isopathic idea of detoxication or cure, the same hormone was then diluted and agitated in successive steps for further treatment. This homeopathically prepared dilution was administered at 24-hour intervals to one of the groups. An analogously prepared blank solution was used for the control group. Our hypothesis, which was derived from earlier studies, was that animals treated with the test solution would metamorphose more slowly than the control animals, i.e. that the homeopathically prepared thyroxine would have a ‘curative’ effect. In this new series of experiments this hypothesis was examined by 3 independent researchers. In the experiments carried out by 2 of the 3 researchers the number of animals that reached the fourlegged stage at defined points in time was smaller in the group treated with homeopathically prepared thyroxine. In the third laboratory no difference was found between the groups. However, the overall inhibiting effect was statistically significant and more pronounced than in earlier, less promising studies and in parallel experiments in which nonprestimulated animals had been used. Other studies carried out by the 3 researchers involved animals from highland biotopes, where the natural environment probably induces a greater sensitivity towards thyroxine or higher thyroxine levels. These animals reacted to the homeopathically prepared thyroxine with a slowing down of metamorphosis, even when they had not been prestimulated with a molecular dose of the hormone. This effect was observed in all 3 laboratories and is consistent with the results of previous studies.

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“…from the Boltzmann Institute and R.v.W. from the Department of Molecular Cell Biology of Utrecht University (1990, [6,7]) and W.S., C.Z., and H.L. (2000, [14], fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pretreatment with Thyroxine (10–8 Parts by Weight) Enhances a ‘Curative’ Effect of Homeopathically Prepared Thyroxine (10–13) on Lowland Frogs

Endler¹,

Lüdtke

Heckmann³

et al. 2003

Complement Med Res

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“…[45][46][47][48] In that model, tadpole metamorphosis is accelerated by adding thyroxin in a high potency (usually 30ϫ). Thyroxin stimulates growth and quickens the metamorphosis from the two-legged stage into the four-legged stage.…”

Section: Walach Et Al 814mentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on Homeopathy: State of the Art

Walach

Jonas²,

Ives³

et al. 2005

The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine

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In this paper, we review research on homeopathy from four perspectives, focusing on reviews and some landmark studies. These perspectives are laboratory studies, clinical trials, observational studies, and theoretical work. In laboratory models, numerous effects and anomalies have been reported. However, no single model has been sufficiently widely replicated. Instead, researchers have focused on ever-new models and experiments, leaving the picture of scattered anomalies without coherence. Basic research, trying to elucidate a purported difference between homeopathic remedies and control solutions has also produced some encouraging results, but again, series of independent replications are missing. While there are nearly 200 reports on clinical trials, few series have been conducted for single conditions. Some of these series document clinically useful effects and differences against placebo and some series do not. Observational research into uncontrolled homeopathic practice documents consistently strong therapeutic effects and sustained satisfaction in patients. We suggest that this scattered picture has to do with the fourth line of research: lack of a good theory. Some of the extant theoretical models are reviewed, including placebo, water structure, silica contamination, energy models, and entanglement models. It emerges that local models, suggesting some change in structure in the solvent, are far from convincing. The nonlocal models proposed would predict that it is impossible to nail down homeopathic effects with direct experimental testing and this places homeopathy in a scientific dilemma. We close with some suggestions for potentially fruitful research.

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“…The member list of this group has more than 150 scientists from many countries, and renowned members include the French immunologist Madeleine Bastide. In one of the few studies of the group that appeared in the scientific literature 82,83 , the authors attempted to study the effects of ultra-diluted thyroxine (10 -60 ) in the growth of juvenile frogs (see Endler 84 for more details). The authors report on the results of 4 experiments.…”

Section: In Summary "…An Extensive Series Of Experiments Which Are Smentioning

confidence: 99%

A critical review of the possible benefits associated with homeopathic medicine

Almeida

2003

Rev. Hosp. Clin.

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OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the recent scientific research progress on homeopathy. METHODOLOGY:Homeopathy was evaluated in terms of its clinical research; in vitro research, and physical foundations. The Medline database was the main reference source for the present research, concerning data of approximately the last 10 years. Secondary references (not available in this database) were obtained by means of direct requests to authors listed in the primary references.RESULTS: Clinical studies and in vitro research indicate the inefficacy of homeopathy. Some few studies with positive results are questionable because of problems with the quality and lack of appropriate experimental controls in these studies. The most recent meta-analyses on the topic yielded negative results. One of the few previous meta-analyses with positive results had serious publication bias problems, and its results were later substantially reconsidered by the main authors. The sparse in vitro homeopathic research with positive results has not been replicated by independent researchers, had serious methodological flaws, or when replicated, did not confirm the initial positive results. A plausible mechanism for homeopathic action is still nonexistent, and its formulation, by now, seems highly unlikely.CONCLUSIONS: As a result of the recent scientific research on homeopathy, it can be concluded that ample evidence exists to show that the homeopathic therapy is not scientifically justifiable. Homeopathy, introduced by the German physician Samuel Hahnemann at the beginning of the 19th century, consists of the treatment of the symptoms of a disease by means of ultra-diluted substances. These substances are chosen based on the assumption that they would cause the same symptoms in healthy subjects if ingested in measurable amounts. Minerals, vegetables, or substances obtained from living organisms may be used in the preparation of homeopathic medicines. Supposedly, the effect of these substances becomes stronger the more they are diluted. An important step in their preparation is called the succussion: "shakes" that are applied to the substance after each dilution stage. Although mostly recommended for small afflictions, sometimes radical statements about the effectiveness of homeopathy are made, for instance, concerning the treatment of AIDS 1 .In Brazil, homeopathy is accepted as a medical, pharmaceutical, and veterinary specialty. Homeopathy also has an accepted medical status in England, India, and some States of the United States (Arizona, Connecticut, and Nevada), and its use is widespread in many other countries 2 . The amount of research on homeopathic topics rose substantially in the last 20 years. The analysis of its scientific status, therefore, can already take into account a large number of studies, and such an analysis is obviously important, both in terms of general scientific advancement and for health financing reasons. The objective of the present study was to critically review and assess the current scientific status of homeopathic medici...

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Non-Molecular Information Transfer from Thyroxine to Frogs

Cited by 35 publications

References 1 publication

Pretreatment with Thyroxine (10–<sup>8</sup> Parts by Weight) Enhances a ‘Curative’ Effect of Homeopathically Prepared Thyroxine (10–<sup>13</sup>) on Lowland Frogs

Pretreatment with Thyroxine (10–<sup>8</sup> Parts by Weight) Enhances a ‘Curative’ Effect of Homeopathically Prepared Thyroxine (10–<sup>13</sup>) on Lowland Frogs

Research on Homeopathy: State of the Art

A critical review of the possible benefits associated with homeopathic medicine

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