Non‐Metal Ion Storage in Zinc‐Organic Batteries

Abstract

Zinc‐organic batteries (ZOBs) are receiving widespread attention as up‐and‐coming energy‐storage systems due to their sustainability, operational safety and low cost. Charge carrier is one of the critical factors affecting the redox kinetics and electrochemical performances of ZOBs. Compared with conventional large‐sized and sluggish Zn2+ storage, non‐metallic charge carriers with small hydrated size and light weight show accelerated interfacial dehydration and fast reaction kinetics, enabling superior electrochemical metrics for ZOBs. Thus, it is valuable and ongoing works to build better ZOBs with non‐metallic ion storage. In this review, versatile non‐metallic cationic (H+, NH4+) and anionic (Cl−, OH−, CF3SO3−, SO42−) charge carriers of ZOBs are first categorized with a brief comparison of their respective physicochemical properties and chemical interactions with redox‐active organic materials. Furthermore, this work highlights the implementation effectiveness of non‐metallic ions in ZOBs, giving insights into the impact of ion types on the metrics (capacity, rate capability, operation voltage, and cycle life) of organic cathodes. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of non‐metal‐ion‐based ZOBs are outlined to guild the future development of next‐generation energy communities.

Multi-electron bipolar-type organic molecules for high-capacity dual-ion zinc batteries

“…29–31 However, the inevitable solubility of n-type organic molecules at the discharge state in electrolytes leads to poor cycling capacity. 32,33 p-Type organics undergo the oxidized process and lose electrons and then change into ionic compounds to combine with anions. 34,35 p-Type organics show faster reaction kinetics benefiting from no bond rearrangement during energy storage.…”

Rational design of a dual-gradient zincophilic–conductive interphase for dendrite-free zinc batteries

“…1–6 Aqueous zinc batteries (AZBs) are regarded as some of the most promising candidates for energy storage due to the multiple advantages of high theoretical capacity (820 mA h g −1 ), appropriate electrochemical potential (−0.76 V vs. the standard hydrogen electrode) and low cost of Zn anodes. 7–10 Moreover, non-flammable aqueous electrolytes simplify the manufacturing requirements and ensure high safety of AZBs during operation. 11,12 However, the adverse dendrite formation and concomitant interfacial side reactions of Zn anodes restrict the further commercialization of AZBs.…”

Electrolyte Additive Strategies for Safe and High-Performance Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries: A Mini-Review

“…With the intensification of environmental pollution and the energy crisis, the development of sustainable energy storage systems has become a priority in energy conversion. − Recognized for high energy density and long cycle stability (250–400 Wh kg –1 ), lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have played a crucial role in portable electronics and electric vehicles. − However, the scarcity of lithium resources and flammability of organic electrolytes hinder the specific applications of LIBs. − Therefore, it is significant to explore advanced energy storage systems to replace LIBs. Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs), including a stable Zn metal anode, an electrolyte with high Zn 2+ ions transmission, and structurally adjustable cathode materials, have emerged as potent contenders for the forthcoming advanced energy storage system. − …”