Non-linear Optical Response as a Food Authentication: Investigation of Non-linear Optical Properties of Edible Oils by Spatial Self-Phase Modulation (SSPM) Method

Abstract

The non-linear optical responses of cherry seed oil, avocado seed oil, and sesame oil were studied by observing spatial self-phase modulation (SSPM) in oil samples using a continuous wave laser beam. The non-linear refraction coe cients and third-order non-linear susceptibility of edible oils were estimated to be and , respectively, based on the intensity-dependent number of observed symmetric diffraction rings. Also, we examined the spatial self-phase modulation technique to investigate the authenticity of three adulterated oils based on their non-linear optical properties. For this purpose, ve different adulterated samples were prepared by diluting samples with sun ower oil (cheaper commercial oil) in various dilution ratios. The measured non-linear optical parameters of adulterated samples revealed that the non-linear optical parameters of diluted oils correlate strongly with the samples' levels of adulteration. The results suggest that the SSPM technique might be considered for estimating the degree of adulteration of samples based on their non-linear optical responses.

Investigating the nonlinear optical response of virgin cherry kernel oil and its application to detecting adulteration

“…Several recent studies have shown that vegetable oils have significant NLO properties [8,[12][13][14][15]. However, as far as we know, no studies have been conducted on the NLO response of virgin cherry kernel oil (VCKO) with a 532 nm laser beam wavelength; this paper fills that gap.…”

“…The importance of the design of optical devices, such as modulators and switchers, has also led researchers to discover and introduce new materials that can be used to advance the fields of photonics and communications [4][5][6][7]. On the other hand, the utilization of NLO responses has recently gained prominence as a viable approach to authentication and fraud detection in various materials [8,9]. In general, optical nonlinearity is associated with changes in material properties, such as the refractive index and absorption coefficient, caused by exposure to high-power light [10].…”

“…These methods require advanced and expensive equipment to prepare and ship the samples for testing. Studies presented by Ribeiro et al [9], de Souza et al [32], and Hassan et al [8] show that studying the NLO properties of materials offers an accessible and novel approach in this field. As a result, the presence of NLO phenomena in any given food sample provides the ability to perform authentication via evaluation of NLO parameters.…”

“…As a result, the presence of NLO phenomena in any given food sample provides the ability to perform authentication via evaluation of NLO parameters. From this perspective, it has been shown that vegetable oils, including avocado kernel oil, sesame oil, palm oil, and olive oil, possess high NLO properties that can be exploited in their authentication process [8,12,13]. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to use the SSPM technique as a simple and accurate technique for evaluating both the NLO refractive index n 2 and the thermo-optical coefficient dn dT parameters for VCKO at a continuous 532 nm wavelength.…”

Investigation of nonlinear optical response and all-optical switching/modulation in pyrromethene 567 based on spatial self-phase modulation

“…When the phase difference between any two beams having the same wave vector equals 2πm, interference of the beams occurs. The rings in the SSPM pattern directly depend on the phase shift suffered by the laser beam [15][16][17][18][19][20].…”