Non-lethal blast wave interactions with a human head

Ortega, Jason

doi:10.1016/j.compfluid.2011.09.002

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Because the blast loads are spatially and temporally distributed over the entire head and neck, the anatomical model should include the head’s skin, facial structures including ocular and nasal cavities, cranium, and neck geometry. Such anatomical geometries are currently being developed (Chafi et al, 2009; Moore et al, 2009; Przekwas et al, 2009, 2011; Nyein et al, 2010; Ortega, 2011; Zhang et al, 2011; Sundaramurthy et al, 2012). Since blast loads occur at very fast rates, the brain injuries tend to be spatially distributed loci of micro-injuries, e.g., DAI.…”

Section: Multiscale Multi-discipline Modeling Of Blast Tbimentioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematical Models of Blast-Induced TBI: Current Status, Challenges, and Prospects

Gupta¹,

Przekwas²

2013

Front. Neurol.

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Blast-induced traumatic brain injury (TBI) has become a signature wound of recent military activities and is the leading cause of death and long-term disability among U.S. soldiers. The current limited understanding of brain injury mechanisms impedes the development of protection, diagnostic, and treatment strategies. We believe mathematical models of blast wave brain injury biomechanics and neurobiology, complemented with in vitro and in vivo experimental studies, will enable a better understanding of injury mechanisms and accelerate the development of both protective and treatment strategies. The goal of this paper is to review the current state of the art in mathematical and computational modeling of blast-induced TBI, identify research gaps, and recommend future developments. A brief overview of blast wave physics, injury biomechanics, and the neurobiology of brain injury is used as a foundation for a more detailed discussion of multiscale mathematical models of primary biomechanics and secondary injury and repair mechanisms. The paper also presents a discussion of model development strategies, experimental approaches to generate benchmark data for model validation, and potential applications of the model for prevention and protection against blast wave TBI.

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Section: Multiscale Multi-discipline Modeling Of Blast Tbimentioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematical Models of Blast-Induced TBI: Current Status, Challenges, and Prospects

Gupta¹,

Przekwas²

2013

Front. Neurol.

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“…These injuries have generally been attributed to secondary blast (i.e., fragment-and blast driven debris-related) mechanisms but primary blast may be a significant contributor. 1 Primary blast injury has been extensively studied in the lungs, gut, and ears, mainly with regard to survivability 2 and traumatic brain injury (TBI), 3 but similar studies of the eye are sparse. However, a handful of case studies and recent experimental work have determined that primary blast (in the absence of secondary debris) can cause eye damage at survivable levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Level Primary Blast Causes Acute Ocular Trauma in Rabbits

Jones

Choi

Sponsel

et al. 2016

Journal of Neurotrauma

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The objective of this study was to determine whether clinically significant ocular trauma can be induced by a survivable isolated primary blast using a live animal model. Both eyes of 18 Dutch Belted rabbits were exposed to various survivable low-level blast overpressures in a large-scale shock tube simulating a primary blast similar to an improvised explosive device. Eyes of the blast-exposed rabbits (as well as five control rabbits) were thoroughly examined before and after blast to detect changes. Clinically significant changes in corneal thickness arose immediately after blast and were sustained through 48 h, suggesting possible disruption of endothelial function. Retinal thickness (RT) increased with increasing specific impulse immediately after exposure. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was inversely correlated with the specific impulse of the blast wave. These findings clearly indicate that survivable primary blast causes ocular injuries with likely visual functional sequelae of clinical and military relevance.

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“…Barrel pressures in center-fire rifles can be as high as 450 MPa 1 , with frequencies of several hundred kilohertz [5]. Blast waves from battlefield explosions can reach 1 MPa, and the rapid change in pressure from the blast can be a major factor in traumatic brain injury for warfighters [6][7][8], as well as affecting the integrity of structures and equipment. Medical applications, such as blood pressure measurements, have a range of 10 kPa to 100 kPa, with a frequency content of the order of 100 Hz (a 1% time slice of a heart beat) [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a standard for the dynamic measurement of pressure based on laser absorption spectroscopy

Douglass

Olson

2016

Metrologia

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We describe an approach for creating a standard for the dynamic measurement of pressure based on the measurement of fundamental quantum properties of molecular systems. From the linewidth and intensities of ro-vibrational transitions we plan on making an accurate determination of pressure and temperature. The goal is to achieve an absolute uncertainty for time-varying pressure of 5 % with a measurement rate of 100 kHz, which will in the future serve as a method for the traceable calibration of pressure sensors used in transient processes. To illustrate this concept we have used wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS), due to inherent advantages over direct absorption spectroscopy, to perform rapid measurements of carbon dioxide in order to determine the pressure. The system records the full lineshape profile of a single ro-vibrational transition of CO2 at a repetition rate of 4 kHz and with a systematic measurement uncertainty of 12 % for the linewidth measurement. A series of pressures were measured at a rate of 400 Hz (10 averages) and from these measurements the linewidth was determined with a relative uncertainty of about 0.5 % on average. The pressures measured using WMS have an average difference of 0.6 % from the absolute pressure measured with a capacitance diaphragm sensor.

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Non-lethal blast wave interactions with a human head

Cited by 6 publications

References 31 publications

Mathematical Models of Blast-Induced TBI: Current Status, Challenges, and Prospects

Mathematical Models of Blast-Induced TBI: Current Status, Challenges, and Prospects

Low-Level Primary Blast Causes Acute Ocular Trauma in Rabbits

Towards a standard for the dynamic measurement of pressure based on laser absorption spectroscopy

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