Non-leaching, Highly Biocompatible Nanocellulose Surfaces That Efficiently Resist Fouling by Bacteria in an Artificial Dermis Model

Abstract

Bacterial biofilm infections incur massive costs on healthcare systems worldwide. Particularly worrisome are the infections associated with pressure ulcers and prosthetic, plastic, and reconstructive surgeries, where staphylococci are the major biofilm-forming pathogens. Non-leaching antimicrobial surfaces offer great promise for the design of bioactive coatings to be used in medical devices. However, the vast majority are cationic, which brings about undesirable toxicity. To circumvent this issue, we have developed antimicrobial nanocellulose films by direct functionalization of the surface with dehydroabietic acid derivatives. Our conceptually unique design generates non-leaching anionic surfaces that reduce the number of viable staphylococci in suspension, including drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, by an impressive 4−5 log units, upon contact. Moreover, the films clearly prevent bacterial colonization of the surface in a model mimicking the physiological environment in chronic wounds. Their activity is not hampered by high protein content, and they nurture fibroblast growth at the surface without causing significant hemolysis. In this work, we have generated nanocellulose films with indisputable antimicrobial activity demonstrated using state-ofthe-art models that best depict an "in vivo scenario". Our approach is to use fully renewable polymers and find suitable alternatives to silver and cationic antimicrobials.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of diethyldithiocarbamate with copper ions and its liposomal formulation for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms

“…Lastly, DDC − can be degraded to diethylamine and carbon sulfide in the presence of blood, due to the presence of plasma proteins and may therefore not be available to form the Cu(DDC) 2 complex [ 51 ]. Similar effects of the microenvironmental conditions in the artificial dermis model on the antibiofilm activity of antimicrobial agents were reported [ 42 , 48 , 52 ]. For example, Grassi et al [ 48 ] observed inferior biofilm inhibition by antimicrobial peptides in the artificial dermis model compared to a 3D lung epithelial model due to the presence of blood and proposed the development of nanocarriers as drug delivery vehicle [ 53 ].…”

Extractive–Oxidative Desulfurization of Real and Model Gasoline Using (gly)3H[SiW12O40]⊂CoFe2O4 as a Recoverable and Efficient Nanocatalyst

“…When H 2 O 2 interacts with AcOH, it leads to the in situ formation of peracetic acid (AcOOH). AcOOH has 21.10% of active oxygen atoms and 1.81 oxidizing power. , Thus, the reaction between the AcOOH and sulfur compounds has been very effective in the EODS process and converts sulfurous organic compounds to sulfone. Also, benzoic acid loses protons and resonates because it is a stronger acid.…”

Biobased Nanomaterials─The Role of Interfacial Interactions for Advanced Materials

“…The interaction of CNMs with bacteria and viruses has also been under research for the development of new antimicrobial materials. Different surface modification and functionalization strategies of CNMs have been proposed to achieve materials with excellent antimicrobial properties and membrane filters against microbes. − …”