Non‐invasive virological diagnosis: Are saliva and urine specimens adequate substitutes for blood?

Mortimer, P P; Parry, John

doi:10.1002/rmv.1980010204

Cited by 72 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Our data on neutralizing activities are consistent with these results. We observed a correlation between saliva-and serum-neutralizing titers, and the slope of the linear regression line was 1:627, similar to the 1:1,000 saliva/serum ratio reported by Wang et al for gB-specific IgG (26) and to reported IgG saliva/serum ratios of 1:800 to 1:1,000 (13,22).…”

Section: Fig 2 Saliva From Some Adults Neutralizes CMV Infection Ofsupporting

confidence: 90%

Neutralizing Activity of Saliva against Cytomegalovirus

Saccoccio

Gallagher

Adler

et al. 2011

Clin. Vaccine Immunol.

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Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is the leading cause of permanent disability in neonates in the United States. Neutralizing antibodies in saliva may protect against maternal CMV infection by blocking viral entry into oral epithelial cells, but the antibody response to CMV in the saliva following natural infection is not well characterized. Saliva specimens from naturally infected individuals were tested for CMV-neutralizing activity using epithelial and fibroblast cells. Saliva from seronegative adults had no inherent anti-CMV activity. Neutralizing activity of saliva from naturally infected adults was not detectable using fibroblast cells, and saliva from young children, adolescents, and Towne vaccine recipients did not have activity using either cell type. However, when using epithelial cells, neutralizing activity was present in saliva from 50% of seropositive adults, correlated with serum-neutralizing activity, and was more prevalent in mothers of children in day care than in non-day care-associated adults. Three day care mothers with high salivary neutralizing activities (>1:20) had exceptionally high serum-neutralizing titers (3-to 8-fold higher than typical seropositives) and were immunoblot positive for serum antibodies to the epithelial entry mediator UL130. These results suggest that salivary neutralizing activities are attainable by induction of high serum IgG levels and could be utilized to evaluate candidate cytomegalovirus vaccines.

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Section: Fig 2 Saliva From Some Adults Neutralizes CMV Infection Ofsupporting

confidence: 90%

Neutralizing Activity of Saliva against Cytomegalovirus

Saccoccio

Gallagher

Adler

et al. 2011

Clin. Vaccine Immunol.

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“…Saliva was collected with a sponge swab (19), extracted from the swab (5), and stored at Ϫ20°C. At the time of testing the saliva extract was thawed and then centrifuged at 15,000 ϫ g for 5 min.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Immunoglobulin G Antibody Avidity for Differentiation of Primary Human Herpesvirus 6 and 7 Infections

et al. 2001

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A human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) indirect immunofluorescence antibody avidity test was developed and used with an existing human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) antibody avidity test to detect and distinguish low-avidity antibodies to HHV-6 and HHV-7 and hence the respective primary infections. With sera from 269 British children aged 0 to 179 weeks, the tests showed that most (10 of 98 serum samples [13%]) HHV-6 low-avidity antibody was found in the first year of life, whereas for HHV-7, most (18 of 101 serum samples [20%]) HHV-7 low-avidity antibody was found in the second year of life. Five children had low-avidity antibodies to both viruses. Of nine Japanese children with previously serologically proven primary HHV-6 or HHV-7 infections, eight had low-avidity antibody only to the relevant virus, but one child had low-avidity antibodies to HHV-6 and HHV-7. The avidity tests were applied to five British children and further proof of viral infection was sought by the detection of specific DNA in serum or plasma, and saliva or cerebrospinal fluid. In two children who had low-avidity antibody to HHV-7 but who were seronegative for HHV-6, only HHV-7 was found. Both viruses were detected in one child with low-avidity HHV-7 antibody and high-avidity HHV-6 antibody. In two children with low-avidity antibodies to both viruses, HHV-6 and HHV-7 DNAs were found, confirming dual primary infections and excluding antibody cross-reactivity.

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“…Salivary antibody assays have been successfully used previously in the investigation of outbreaks of hepatitis A, sporadic measles and in seroprevalence studies of infection with hepatitis B and HIV [17][18][19][20]. It is important, however, that before a switch from blood to saliva for B19 infection testing is made, the limitations of the salivary assays are considered.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This may be a low estimate due to the timing of specimen collection in the rubella notification study where samples were obtained on average 22 days after onset of rash [6]. In our study they were collected on evolving outbreak, the distribution of B 19 IgM results did not fall into two distinct populations (Fig. 2) Secondly, although we did not measure total immunoglobulin levels in the children's saliva samples, we are confident that the majority of samples were collected satisfactorily as there was a 94 % repeatability for B19 IgG being detected in the first and second samples.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A school outbreak of parvovirus B19 infection investigated using salivary antibody assays

Rice

Cohen

1996

Epidemiol. Infect.

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SUMMARYAn outbreak of parvovirus B19 infection at a primary school was investigated using saliva samples. Antibody capture immunoassays for salivary B19 IgG and IgM were developed using a recombinant B19 antigen and monoclonal antibody to B19 virus. Evaluation of the salivary IgG assay using paired serum and saliva samples from 43 staff at St Thomas' Hospital showed that it had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 95%. Evaluation of the salivary B19 IgM assay using 87 paired blood and saliva samples from a study of general practitioner rubella notifications showed it had a sensitivity of 60% and a specificity of 98 %. Using the salivary assay the level of B19 IgG within 2 weeks of the start of the outbreak ranged from 5-33 % in children and 29% in staff. By detecting salivary B19 IgM and/or B19 IgG seroconversions, attack rates of 8-50% in children in different classes and 47% in staff were observed. Household transmission was also studied and an attack rate of 45 % was recorded in 11 susceptibles. After the outbreak, the level of B19 IgG in children with the highest attack rates was 60-70%, similar to that seen in adults in the UK. This study highlights the risk of B19 infection in an institutional setting and shows that saliva samples are a useful alternative to blood.

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Non‐invasive virological diagnosis: Are saliva and urine specimens adequate substitutes for blood?

Cited by 72 publications

References 17 publications

Neutralizing Activity of Saliva against Cytomegalovirus

Neutralizing Activity of Saliva against Cytomegalovirus

Use of Immunoglobulin G Antibody Avidity for Differentiation of Primary Human Herpesvirus 6 and 7 Infections

A school outbreak of parvovirus B19 infection investigated using salivary antibody assays

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