Non-invasive Stimulation of the Cerebellum in Health and Disease

Darch, Henry; Cerminara, Nadia L.; Gilchrist, Iain D.; Apps, Richard

doi:10.5772/intechopen.73218

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…Thus, correlational research on the cerebellar contribution to motor learning suggested that the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum work in parallel during acquisition and progression of learning, but they are recruited differently when cognitive and motor demands grow. In accordance, non-invasive stimulation of the cerebellum supports the role of the cerebellum in the initial phase of motor learning (Darch et al, 2018). By contrast, hemicerebellectomy seems to delay the transition to response automatization rather than impair acquisition of sequential learning (Mandolesi et al, 2010).…”

Section: Cerebellar Underpinnings Of Compulsivitymentioning

confidence: 52%

“…Both electrical and non-invasive stimulation of cerebellar activity in animals and humans support a modulatory effect of the cerebellum on cortical activity (Forster and Blaha, 2003; Chen et al, 2014; Watson et al, 2014). It has been hypothesized that the cerebellar modulation consists of what has been called “cerebellar brain inhibitory function” (Darch et al, 2018). If this is the case, one should expect stimulation of cerebellar activity to improve prefrontal functionality and to reduce compulsive and impulsive behaviors (Figure 2).…”

Section: A Working Hypothesis For the Role Of The Cerebellum In Compumentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Working Hypothesis for the Role of the Cerebellum in Impulsivity and Compulsivity

Miquel

Nicola

Gil‐Miravet

et al. 2019

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Growing evidence associates cerebellar abnormalities with several neuropsychiatric disorders in which compulsive symptomatology and impulsivity are part of the disease pattern. Symptomatology of autism, addiction, obsessive-compulsive (OCD), and attention deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD) disorders transcends the sphere of motor dysfunction and essentially entails integrative processes under control of prefrontal-thalamic-cerebellar loops. Patients with brain lesions affecting the cortico-striatum thalamic circuitry and the cerebellum indeed exhibit compulsive symptoms. Specifically, lesions of the posterior cerebellar vermis cause affective dysregulation and deficits in executive function. These deficits may be due to impairment of one of the main functions of the cerebellum, implementation of forward internal models of the environment. Actions that are independent of internal models may not be guided by predictive relationships or a mental representation of the goal. In this review article, we explain how this deficit might affect executive functions. Additionally, regionalized cerebellar lesions have been demonstrated to impair other brain functions such as the emergence of habits and behavioral inhibition, which are also altered in compulsive disorders. Similar to the infralimbic cortex, clinical studies and research in animal models suggest that the cerebellum is not required for learning goal-directed behaviors, but it is critical for habit formation. Despite this accumulating data, the role of the cerebellum in compulsive symptomatology and impulsivity is still a matter of discussion. Overall, findings point to a modulatory function of the cerebellum in terminating or initiating actions through regulation of the prefrontal cortices. Specifically, the cerebellum may be crucial for restraining ongoing actions when environmental conditions change by adjusting prefrontal activity in response to the new external and internal stimuli, thereby promoting flexible behavioral control. We elaborate on this explanatory framework and propose a working hypothesis for the involvement of the cerebellum in compulsive and impulsive endophenotypes.

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Section: Cerebellar Underpinnings Of Compulsivitymentioning

confidence: 52%

Section: A Working Hypothesis For the Role Of The Cerebellum In Compumentioning

confidence: 99%

A Working Hypothesis for the Role of the Cerebellum in Impulsivity and Compulsivity

Miquel

Nicola

Gil‐Miravet

et al. 2019

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…It has been hypothesized that the cerebellar modulation consists of what has been called “cerebellar brain inhibitory function” ( Darch et al, 2018 ). Patients with posterior cerebellum impairment, particularly in the vermis, show difficulties in controlling their behavior, emotions, and cognitions in what has been called “the cerebellar cognitive-affective syndrome” ( Schmahmann and Sherman, 1998 ).…”

Section: Discussion and Concluding Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Putting forward a model for the role of the cerebellum in cocaine-induced pavlovian memory

Melchor-Eixea

Guarque-Chabrera

Sanchez-Hernandez

et al. 2023

Front. Syst. Neurosci.

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Substance Use Disorder (SUD) involves emotional, cognitive, and motivational dysfunction. Long-lasting molecular and structural changes in brain regions functionally and anatomically linked to the cerebellum, such as the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, basal ganglia, and ventral tegmental area, are characteristic of SUD. Direct and indirect reciprocal connectivity between the cerebellum and these brain regions can explain cerebellar roles in Pavlovian and reinforcement learning, fear memory, and executive functions. It is increasingly clear that the cerebellum modulates brain functions altered in SUD and other neuropsychiatric disorders that exhibit comorbidity with SUD. In the present manuscript, we review and discuss this evidence and present new research exploring the role of the cerebellum in cocaine-induced conditioned memory using chemogenetic tools (designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drug, DREADDs). Our preliminary data showed that inactivation of a region that includes the interposed and lateral deep cerebellar nuclei reduces the facilitating effect of a posterior vermis lesion on cocaine-induced preference conditioning. These findings support our previous research and suggest that posterior vermis damage may increase drug impact on the addiction circuitry by regulating activity in the DCN. However, they raise further questions that will also be discussed.

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“…Consequently, anatomical differences or inadequate electrode/coil placement may lead to heterogenous stimulation of the targeted tissue. Because of the high level of cortical folding in the cerebellum, relative small anatomical interindividual differences may have a greater influence on stimulation responses in the cerebellum compared to other brain regions [210]. Further, recent research has shown that individual factors like the amount of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and electrode-to-cortex distance also influence the neurophysiological outcomes of tDCS [211].…”

Section: Challenges and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Brief History of Cerebellar Neurostimulation

2021

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The first attempts at using electric stimulation to study human brain functions followed the experiments of Luigi Galvani and Giovanni Aldini on animal electricity during the eighteenth century. Since then, the cerebellum has been among the areas that have been studied by invasive and non-invasive forms of electrical and magnetic stimulation. During the nineteenth century, animal experiments were conducted to map the motor-related regions of cerebellar cortex by means of direct electric stimulation. As electric stimulation research on the cerebellum moved into the twentieth century, systematic research of electric cerebellar stimulation led to a better understanding of its effects and mechanism of action. In addition, the clinical potential of cerebellar stimulation in the treatment of motor diseases started to be explored. With the introduction of transcranial electric and magnetic stimulation, cerebellar research moved to non-invasive techniques. During the twenty-first century, following on groundbreaking research that linked the cerebellum to non-motor functions, non-invasive techniques have facilitated research into different aspects of cerebellar functioning. The present review provides a brief historical account of cerebellar neurostimulation and discusses current challenges and future direction in this field of research.

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Non-invasive Stimulation of the Cerebellum in Health and Disease

Cited by 6 publications

References 103 publications

A Working Hypothesis for the Role of the Cerebellum in Impulsivity and Compulsivity

A Working Hypothesis for the Role of the Cerebellum in Impulsivity and Compulsivity

Putting forward a model for the role of the cerebellum in cocaine-induced pavlovian memory

A Brief History of Cerebellar Neurostimulation

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