“…Commonly analyzed biomolecules for TSD estimation models include hemoglobin (Hb) from red blood cells (RBCs) and genetic material from white blood cells (WBCs). Spectroscopic techniques, such as Raman (Premasiri et al, 2012;Doty et al, 2016Doty et al, , 2017Sun et al, 2017b;Takamura et al, 2019;Menżyk et al, 2020), infrared (Botoniic-Sehic et al, 2009;Lin et al, 2017;Zhang et al, 2017;Hassan et al, 2019), reflectance (Bremmer et al, 2011a(Bremmer et al, , 2011bLi et al, 2011;Edelman et al, 2012aEdelman et al, , 2016Sun et al, 2017a) and UV-Vis absorbance (Hanson and Ballantyne, 2010;Hanson et al, 2011;Agudelo et al, 2015;Bergmann et al, 2017Bergmann et al, , 2021Kaur et al, 2020;Stotesbury et al, 2020;Cossette et al, 2021) spectroscopies have all probed the timewise degradation of Hb. Photography (Thanakiatkrai et al, 2013;Shin et al, 2017;Choi et al, 2019) and hyperspectral imaging (Edelman et al, 2012b;Li et al, 2013;Majda et al, 2018) have measured the colour changes in blood while electron spin resonance and electrochemistry analyzed the conformational changes of the heme groups (Miki et al, 1987;Matsuoka et al, 1995;Fujita et al, 2005).…”