Non-invasive imaging of three-dimensional integrated circuit activity using quantum defects in diamond

Garsi, Marwa; Stöhr, Rainer; Denisenko, Andrej; Shagieva, Farida; Trautmann, Nils; Vogl, Ulrich; Sene, Badou; Kaiser, Florian; Zappe, Andrea; Reuter, Rolf; Wrachtrup, Jörg

doi:10.48550/arxiv.2112.12242

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(56 reference statements)

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“…However, microwave near-field distribution imaging for micro-monopole antennas has been a long-standing demand. Traditional measurement methods have obvious shortcomings in non-invasiveness, measurement efficiency and imaging accuracy [ 25 ]. Although these deficiencies can be compensated for using the compensation algorithm to a certain extent, it undoubtedly increases the preparation time of measurement work and affects the measurement efficiency of the antenna.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Near-Field Microwave Imaging Method of Monopole Antennas Based on Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond

Jia,

Qin,

Luo

et al. 2024

Micromachines

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Visualizing the near-field distribution of microwave field in a monopole antenna is very important for antenna design and manufacture. However, the traditional method of measuring antenna microwave near field distribution by mechanical scanning has some problems, such as long measurement time, low measurement accuracy and large system volume, which seriously limits the measurement effect of antenna microwave near field distribution. In this paper, a method of microwave near-field imaging of a monopole antenna using a nitrogen-vacancy center diamond is presented. We use the whole diamond as a probe and camera to achieve wide-field microwave imaging. Because there is no displacement structure in the system, the method has high time efficiency and good stability. Compared with the traditional measurement methods, the diamond probe has almost no effect on the measured microwave field, which realizes the accurate near-field imaging of the microwave field of the monopole antenna. This method achieves microwave near-field imaging of a monopole antenna with a diameter of 100 µm and a length of 15 mm at a field of view of 5 × 5 mm, with a spatial resolution of 3 µm and an imaging bandwidth of 2.7~3.2 GHz, and an optimal input microwave phase resolution of 0.52° at a microwave power of 0.8494 W. The results provide a new method for microwave near-field imaging and measurement of monopole antennas.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Near-Field Microwave Imaging Method of Monopole Antennas Based on Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond

Jia,

Qin,

Luo

et al. 2024

Micromachines

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“…Clement et al [35] have developed a Bayesian technique to model currents at the image boundary, which are otherwise a major source of artifacts. Garsi et al [36] have tackled the 3D reconstruction problem for the analysis of integrated circuits. Their method groups current sources (modeled as elements of an infinite wire) into different depth classifications, and then runs the 2D reconstruction algorithm on each plane of sources separately.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging current paths in silicon photovoltaic devices with a quantum diamond microscope

Scholten,

Abrahams,

Johnson

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Magnetic imaging with nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond, also known as quantum diamond microscopy, has emerged as a useful technique for the spatial mapping of charge currents in solidstate devices. In this work, we investigate an application to photovoltaic (PV) devices, where the currents are induced by light. We develop a widefield nitrogen-vacancy microscope that allows independent stimulus and measurement of the PV device, and test our system on a range of prototype crystalline silicon PV devices. We first demonstrate micrometer-scale vector magnetic field imaging of custom PV devices illuminated by a focused laser spot, revealing the internal current paths in both short-circuit and open-circuit conditions. We then demonstrate time-resolved imaging of photocurrents in an interdigitated back-contact solar cell, detecting current build-up and subsequent decay near the illumination point with microsecond resolution. This work presents a versatile and accessible analysis platform that may find distinct application in research on emerging PV technologies.

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“…A powerful method is to embed a single NV spin into a diamond scanning probe, which enables imaging with 50 nm spatial resolution and quantitative determination of monolayer magnetizations 22,24 . A second approach is to deposit a 2D magnet directly onto a diamond chip hosting a high density of near-surface NV spins 23,[31][32][33][34][35] . This approach benefits from a strong signal due to a large number of NV spins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen-vacancy magnetometry of CrSBr by diamond membrane transfer

Ghiasi,

Borst,

Kurdi

et al. 2023

npj 2D Mater Appl

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Magnetic imaging using nitrogen-vacancy (NV) spins in diamonds is a powerful technique for acquiring quantitative information about sub-micron scale magnetic order. A major challenge for its application in the research on two-dimensional (2D) magnets is the positioning of the NV centers at a well-defined, nanoscale distance to the target material required for detecting the small magnetic fields generated by magnetic monolayers. Here, we develop a diamond “dry-transfer” technique akin to the state-of-the-art 2D-materials assembly methods and use it to place a diamond micro-membrane in direct contact with the 2D interlayer antiferromagnet CrSBr. We harness the resulting NV-sample proximity to spatially resolve the magnetic stray fields generated by the CrSBr, present only where the CrSBr thickness changes by an odd number of layers. From the magnetic stray field of a single uncompensated ferromagnetic layer in the CrSBr, we extract a monolayer magnetization of MCSB = 0.46(2) T, without the need for exfoliation of monolayer crystals or applying large external magnetic fields. The ability to deterministically place NV-ensemble sensors into contact with target materials and detect ferromagnetic monolayer magnetizations paves the way for quantitative analysis of a wide range of 2D magnets assembled on arbitrary target substrates.

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Non-invasive imaging of three-dimensional integrated circuit activity using quantum defects in diamond

Cited by 3 publications

References 51 publications

Near-Field Microwave Imaging Method of Monopole Antennas Based on Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond

Near-Field Microwave Imaging Method of Monopole Antennas Based on Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond

Imaging current paths in silicon photovoltaic devices with a quantum diamond microscope

Nitrogen-vacancy magnetometry of CrSBr by diamond membrane transfer

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