Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: basic principles and procedures for routine clinical application. Report of an IFCN committee

Rossini, Paolo Maria; Barker, Anthony T.; Berardelli, Alfredo; Caramia, M.D.; Caruso, Giuseppe; Cracco, Roger Q.; Dimitrijevič, Milan R.; Hallett, Mark; Katayama, Yoshinori; Ch, Lücking; Noordhout, A.L. Maertens de; Marsden, C. D.; Murray, N.M.F.; Rothwell, John C.; Swash, Michael; Tomberg, Claude

doi:10.1016/0013-4694(94)90029-9

Cited by 2,796 publications

(1,832 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…The hotspot was then marked directly on the scalp with a soft-tip pen. On this site, RMT was assessed as the lowest stimulus intensity needed to produce a response of at least 50 μV in amplitude in the relaxed muscle for at least five out of ten consecutive stimulations, at a resolution of 1% of the maximal stimulator output (Rossini et al, 1994). A TMS neuronavigation system (SofTaxic, E.M.S., Bologna, Italy) was used to ensure a high degree of reproducibility across separate experimental sessions (Carducci and Brusco, 2012;Cincotta et al, 2010).…”

Section: Tmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excitability modulation of the motor system induced by transcranial direct current stimulation: A multimodal approach

2013

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Anodal and cathodal transcranial direct current stimulations (tDCS) are both established techniques to induce cortical excitability changes. Typically, in the human motor system, such cortical modulations are inferred through changes in the amplitude of the motor evoked potentials (MEPs). However, it is now possible to directly evaluate tDCS-induced changes at the cortical level by recording the transcranial magnetic stimulation evoked potentials (TEPs) using electroencephalography (EEG). The present study investigated the modulation induced by the tDCS on the motor system. The study evaluates changes in the MEPs, in the amplitude and distribution of the TEPs, in resting state oscillatory brain activity and in behavioral performance in a simple manual response task. Both the short-and long-term tDCS effects were investigated by evaluating their time course at~0 and 30 min after tDCS. Anodal tDCS over the left primary motor cortex (M1) induced an enhancement of corticospinal excitability, whereas cathodal stimulation produced a reduction. These changes in excitability were indexed by changes in MEP amplitude. More interestingly, tDCS modulated the cortical reactivity, which is the neuronal activity evoked by TMS, in a polarity-dependent and site-specific manner. Cortical reactivity increased after anodal stimulation over the left M1, whereas it decreased with cathodal stimulation. These effects were partially present also at long term evaluation. No polarity-specific effect was found either on behavioral measures or on oscillatory brain activity. The latter showed a general increase in the power density of low frequency oscillations (theta and alpha) at both stimulation polarities. Our results suggest that tDCS is able to modulate motor cortical reactivity in a polarity-specific manner, inducing a complex pattern of direct and indirect cortical activations or inhibitions of the motor system-related network, which might be related to changes in synaptic efficacy of the motor cortex.

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Section: Tmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excitability modulation of the motor system induced by transcranial direct current stimulation: A multimodal approach

2013

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“…The cortical motor threshold of the FDI muscle was de®ned using a display gain of 100 mV/division and delivering stimuli in steps progressively increasing by 5% of stimulator output until MEPs of about 100 mV were evoked in 100% of trials. Stimulator output was then decreased in steps of 2% until MEPs of about 100 mV were evoked in 50% of the trials (Rossini et al, 1994). Once the optimal coil location was determined, the position of the external perimeter of the coil on the scalp was marked to allow for repositioning.…”

Section: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MEP amplitude was de®ned as the peak-to-peak excursion of the largest negative and positive de¯ection occurring after the stimulus onset (Rossini et al, 1994). We de®ned the amplitude of the MEP as the average of the two largest MEPs in each sequence of 4 stimuli.…”

Section: Data Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delayed facilitation of motor cortical excitability following repetitive finger movements

Caramia

Scalise

Gordon

et al. 2000

Clinical Neurophysiology

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Objectives: To de®ne motor cortical excitability changes occurring at various times after non-fatiguing bimanual exercise of the index ®ngers.Methods: Twenty healthy right-handed subjects were studied with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the right non-dominant hemisphere. They performed regular (3±4/s) repetitive opening±closing bilateral movements of the index ®nger onto the thumb. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) of the left ®rst dorsal interosseus (FDI) and rate of the repetitive ®nger movements were determined (1) before exercise, (2) immediately following 3 exercise periods of 30, 60 and 90 s, and (3) over a subsequent 30 min rest period.Results: Rate of movement did not show signi®cant change during any of the exercise periods but did increase signi®cantly when tested after 15 min of rest. MEPs immediately after 30 and 60 s of exercise were facilitated whereas MEPs after 90 s of exercise did not differ from baseline measures. MEP amplitudes were signi®cantly increased after rest of approximately 15 min compared to the baseline MEPs. In contrast, motor potentials evoked by peripheral nerve stimulation were unchanged throughout the experimental test periods.Conclusions: Motor cortical excitability relating to an intrinsic ®nger muscle (FDI) was facilitated beginning 15 min after a brief period of non-forceful, repetitive activity of that muscle. This delayed facilitation of motor cortex after exercise may represent a form of short-term potentiation of motor cortical excitability. q

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“…The coil location was determined as the site that elicited the optimal MEP during muscle relaxation with the lowest threshold. This site, referred to as the`hot spot' (Rossini et al, 1994), was marked on the scalp to ensure accurate coil positioning. The cortical motor threshold of the target muscle was de®ned by delivering stimuli in steps of progressively increasing intensity by 2% of the stimulator output until responses of about 100 mV were elicited in 50% of the trials (Rossini et al, 1994).…”

Section: Tmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This site, referred to as the`hot spot' (Rossini et al, 1994), was marked on the scalp to ensure accurate coil positioning. The cortical motor threshold of the target muscle was de®ned by delivering stimuli in steps of progressively increasing intensity by 2% of the stimulator output until responses of about 100 mV were elicited in 50% of the trials (Rossini et al, 1994). For each condition (baseline, after exercise, after rest), TMS was tested at 5% above the threshold during a brief tonic contraction of the ®rst dorsal interosseus (FDI) muscles.…”

Section: Tmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motor cortex excitability in chronic fatigue syndrome

Starr

Scalise

Gordon

et al. 2000

Clinical Neurophysiology

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Objective: To use transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to de®ne motor cortical excitability in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) subjects during a repetitive, bilateral ®nger movement task.Methods: A total of 14 CFS patients were tested and compared with 14 age-matched healthy control subjects. TMS of the motor cortex (5% above threshold) was used to elicit motor evoked potentials (MEPs). Subjects performed regular (3±4/s) repetitive bilateral opening± closing movements of the index ®nger onto the thumb. MEPs of the ®rst dorsal interosseus (FDI) were measured before, immediately following exercise periods of 30, 60 and 90 s, and after 15 min of rest.Results: Performance, de®ned by rate of movement, was signi®cantly slower in CFS subjects (3.5/s) than in controls (4.0/s) independent of the hand measured. The rate, however, was not signi®cantly affected by the exercise duration for either group. The threshold of TMS to evoke MEPs from the FDI muscle was signi®cantly higher in CFS than in control subjects, independent of the hemisphere tested. A transient postexercise facilitation of MEP amplitudes immediately after the exercise periods was present in controls independent of the hemisphere tested, but was absent in CFS subjects. A delayed facilitation of MEPs after 15±30 min of rest was restricted to the non-dominant hemisphere in controls; delayed facilitation was absent in CFS subjects.Conclusions: Individuals with CFS do not show the normal¯uctuations of motor cortical excitability that accompany and follow nonfatiguing repetitive bimanual ®nger movements. q

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Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: basic principles and procedures for routine clinical application. Report of an IFCN committee

Cited by 2,796 publications

References 83 publications

Excitability modulation of the motor system induced by transcranial direct current stimulation: A multimodal approach

Excitability modulation of the motor system induced by transcranial direct current stimulation: A multimodal approach

Delayed facilitation of motor cortical excitability following repetitive finger movements

Motor cortex excitability in chronic fatigue syndrome

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