Non-invasive current density imaging of lithium-ion batteries

Bason, M. G.; Coussens, Thomas; Withers, Matthew; Abel, C.; Kendall, Gary; Krüger, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.231312

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…It is known that thermal inhomogeneities in cells can create a variation in local cell impedance and current density 64,65 and in turn cause differences in the SoC across a cell. 66 Higher current densities at the tabs of pouch cells have also been experimentally confirmed 67 and in an in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiment on a pouch cell the area under the positive tab was found to be of a higher SoC compared to the rest of the cell 5 . In a separate HELM study on a singlephase NMC622 pouch cell, Yu et al found that the edges and corners were of a lower SoC than the middle of cell.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Combining multi-modal non-destructive techniques to investigate ageing and orientation effects in automotive Li-ion pouch cells

Fordham,

Milojevic,

Giles

et al. 2023

Preprint

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As the electrification of the transport sector progresses, an abundance of lithium-ion batteries inside electric vehicles (EVs) will reach their end-of-life (EoL). The cells inside battery packs will age differently depending on multiple factors during their use. Currently, there is limited publicly available research on the degradation of the individual cells recovered from real-world EV usage. Once they have been recovered from the vehicle, large-format pouch cells are challenging to characterise, measure their internal structure and determine state-of-health (SoH). Here, large-format (261 x 216 x 7.91 mm) Nissan Leaf cells are harvested from an EV and four complementary non-destructive techniques are used to distinguish the ageing of cells arranged in varying orientations and locations within the pack. The measurement suite includes infrared thermography, ultrasonic mapping, X-ray computed tomography, and synchrotron X-ray diffraction, and represents a unique combination of characterisation techniques. We found that each of the non-destructive diagnostic techniques corroborated each other yet provide different complementary insights. The influence of orientation and location of the cells is significant, with the rotated/vertically aligned cells differing significantly from the flat/horizontally aligned cells in mode and degree of ageing. These insights provide new information on cell degradation that can help to influence pack design and illustrates how rapid and relatively inexpensive technology can provide sufficient information for practical assessment compared to costly synchrotron studies. Such an approach can inform decision support at EoL and more efficient battery production reducing the wastage of raw materials.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Combining multi-modal non-destructive techniques to investigate ageing and orientation effects in automotive Li-ion pouch cells

Fordham,

Milojevic,

Giles

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…The output could be compared to known distributions obtained from functional devices, to rapidly test ICs in a production line setting. The higher precision achievable with atomic magnetometers would be particularly valuable in battery diagnostics through non-invasive current mapping [5]. These measurements could benefit from more sensitive instrumentation, and have already been performed using zero-field OPMs [44].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Magnetic imaging encompasses a diverse range of research fields including biomedical science [1][2][3], current density imaging [4,5], and magnetorelaxometry in magnetic nanoparticles [6,7], to name a few. Such applications require sensitive instrumentation capable of resolving the spatial and temporal properties of the magnetic sources of interest.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Free-induction-decay magnetic field imaging with a microfabricated Cs vapor cell

Hunter¹,

Perrella²,

McWilliam³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Magnetic field imaging is a valuable resource for signal source localization and characterization. This work reports an optically pumped magnetometer (OPM) based on the free-induction-decay (FID) protocol, that implements microfabricated cesium (Cs) vapor cell technology to visualize the magnetic field distributions resulting from various magnetic sources placed close to the cell. The slow diffusion of Cs atoms in the presence of a nitrogen (N2) buffer gas enables spatially independent measurements to be made within the same vapor cell by translating a 175 µm probe beam over the sensing area. For example, the OPM was used to record temporal and spatial information to reconstruct magnetic field distributions in one and two dimensions. The optimal magnetometer sensitivity was estimated to be 0.43 pT/ √ Hz within a Nyquist limited bandwidth of 500 Hz. Furthermore, the sensor's dynamic range exceeds the Earth's field of approximately 50 µT, which provides a framework for magnetic field imaging in unshielded environments.

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“…A magnetic field changes the polarization state of the vapor atoms, which is quantified by measuring the polarization or intensity of a second probing light beam through the gas vapor. Today, there are many different OPM configurations, covering a broad range of applications 36,[45][46][47][48] . Comparisons have been made with SQUID systems [49][50][51] and the magnetometers have also found their way into applications such as MNP detection, characterization and imaging [52][53][54][55][56][57] .…”

Section: Opm Tabletop Setup For Thermal Noise Magnetometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Today, there are many different OPM congurations, covering a broad range of applications. 36,[45][46][47][48] Comparisons have been made with SQUID systems [49][50][51] and the magnetometers have also found their way into applications such as MNP detection, characterization, and imaging. [52][53][54][55][56][57] The developed tabletop setup (Fig.…”

Section: Experimental Setupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring magnetic nanoparticle clustering and immobilization with thermal noise magnetometry using optically pumped magnetometers

et al. 2023

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Non-invasive current density imaging of lithium-ion batteries

Cited by 21 publications

References 36 publications

Combining multi-modal non-destructive techniques to investigate ageing and orientation effects in automotive Li-ion pouch cells

Combining multi-modal non-destructive techniques to investigate ageing and orientation effects in automotive Li-ion pouch cells

Free-induction-decay magnetic field imaging with a microfabricated Cs vapor cell

Monitoring magnetic nanoparticle clustering and immobilization with thermal noise magnetometry using optically pumped magnetometers

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