Non-invasive Blood Pressure Measurements in Cats: Clinical Significance of Hypertension Associated with Chronic Renal Failure.

Abstract

ABSTRACT. The systolic, mean and diastolic pressures as well as the heart rate were mesured using the oscillometric method, on a total of 104 cats (60 cats in the normal group, and 44 in the renal disease group) which were brought into Azabu University Animal Hospital. The blood pressure in the normal group was systolic: 115.4 ± 10.1 mmHg, mean: 96.2 ± 12.2 mmHg, and diastolic: 73.7 ± 10.7 mmHg. Although no difference in heart rate, the renal disease group showed significantly (p<0.05) higher values for systolic, mean, and diastolic pressure when compared with the normal group. Moreover, when plasma renin activity, angiotensin I and II, and aldosterone concentrations were measured in other cats (11 normal and seven with chronic renal failure), all cats with chronic renal failure showed significantly (p<0.05) higher values than the normal group. It is, therefore, indicated that hypertension due to stimulating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system may have manifested in cats with renal dysfunction. -KEY WORDS: blood pressure, feline, hypertension, renin-angiotensinaldosterone system. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 60 (7): [805][806][807][808] 1998 vomitus and anemia), and high concentrations (range: 2.1-13.8 mg/dl; mean: 3.9 ± 3.0 mg/dl) of serum creatinine, were classified as the renal disease group. A sphygmomanometer (USM-700GTM : Ueda Electronic Works, Ltd.), oscillometric method, was used to measure the systolic, mean, diastolic pressures and the heart rate in both groups. The blood pressure measurement sites were either the forelimb or the tail, and a measuring cuff was selected based on the size of approximately 40% circumference of the measuring site. In order to avoid stress to the patients as much as possible, blood pressure was measured in an isolated room apart from the regular consulting room. Moreover, the blood pressure was measured a total of five times at one minute intervals with the owner's presence. The results obtained under the physical movements of the patient were deleted from the values as artifacts.The effects of the number of measurements on the blood pressure and heart rate were firstly examined in the normal group. To examine the effects of measuring sites on the blood pressure, the blood pressure of both the forelimb and the tail was compared using a total of 24 cats selected randomly from the normal group. The effects of both gender and age on blood pressure were examined in the normal group. Thereafter, these values obtained from both the normal and the renal disease groups were analyzed.The plasma renin activity, angiotension I and II, and aldosterone concentrations were measured to by radioimmunoassay compare 11 normal to seven cases with chronic renal dysfunction.The statistical analysis on the number of measurements were conducted, first using the Friedman method, followed by the Wilcoxon method. The Speaman raking correlation Hypertension has been recognized as a risk factor in human patients with cerebral hemorrhage, heart and renal diseases, therefore diagnosis of hypertension is carrie...

Endocrinology: Hyperaldosteronism in a cat with metastasised adrenocortical tumour

“…Findings in this cat were consistent with the classic form of hyperaldosteronism. The plasma aldosterone concentrations were extremely high in comparison with values in our control cats and the values found by others for healthy cats (32), and in cats with hypertension associated with chronic renal disease (13,20). Although there was some decline in aldosteroneconcentration in the iv-HDDST, the results of this test indicated autonomous (non-ACTH-dependent) hyperaldosteronism and an intact hypothalamus-pituitary-glucocorticoid axis.…”

Plasma Renin Activity and Aldosterone Concentrations in Hypertensive Cats with and without Azotemia and in Response to Treatment with Amlodipine Besylate

“…To date, only a limited number of studies have examined components of the RAAS in feline CKD and systemic hypertension 3, 4. In such studies, results have been contradictory but have suggested increased plasma aldosterone concentrations (PAC; pg/mL) but variable plasma renin activity (PRA; ng/mL/h).…”

Development of Hypertension and Effects of Benazepril Hydrochloride in a Canine Remnant Kidney Model of Chronic Renal Failure

“…Causes of secondary hypertension include renoparenchymal diseases, renovascular diseases, diabetes, Cushing syndrome, primary hyperaldosteronism, pheochromocytoma and hypothyroidism and, of those, renoparenchymal disease-associated hypertension is most common in humans [24]. The mechanism of renal hypertension is thought to involve renal insufficiency-associated body fluid retention, increases in cardiac output and peripheral vessel resistance, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system and suppression of the kallikrein-kinin-prostaglandin system [2,3,17].A link between chronic renal failure and hypertension has been suggested in dogs and cats [1,6,12,13,22,26,27,29,30,34,[36][37][38]. Activation of the RAA system and development of hypertension in association with renal failure have been reported in cats [20,30,41].…”

“…Activation of the RAA system and development of hypertension in association with renal failure have been reported in cats [20,30,41]. In dogs, development of hypertension following partial renal ablation has been described [10,14]; however, involvement of the RAA system has not been verified by measuring the RAA system.…”

“…A link between chronic renal failure and hypertension has been suggested in dogs and cats [1,6,12,13,22,26,27,29,30,34,[36][37][38]. Activation of the RAA system and development of hypertension in association with renal failure have been reported in cats [20,30,41].…”