Non-invasive biomarkers of disease activity and organ damage in ANCA-associated vasculitis: a systematic review

Abstract

BackgroundIn anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV), histopathological assessment of affected tissue is often necessary for diagnosis and assessment of disease extent. There is a requirement for validated non-invasive biomarkers to avoid the need for serial tissue biopsies.MethodsA systematic review of scientific databases from 2012 until present was performed to identify studies fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Studies were assessed for quality using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist for cohort, case–control and cross-sectional studies and the Risk of Bias Assessment tool for Non-randomised Studies, or the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool 2.0 for randomised controlled trials. A descriptive synthesis of the data for non-invasive (blood-based or urinary) biomarkers of AAV-related disease activity and organ damage was performed.ResultsTwenty-two high quality studies were included. These articles reported the value of blood-based and urinary biomarkers including anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, immune cells, complement factors, gene expression profiles, cytokines, chemokines and other proteins in the assessment of disease activity and/or organ damage in patients with AAV. Many of these biomarkers involve the alternative complement pathway, neutrophil activation and macrophage activation.ConclusionThis is the first contemporary systematic review synthesising the value of non-invasive biomarkers of AAV-related disease activity and organ damage. The incorporation of individual markers in combined biomarker profiles might enhance clinical decision-making. Many unmet needs were identified; few studies involve oeosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis and patients with childhood-onset AAV. Further validation of the candidate biomarkers is warranted in large prospective studies to bridge the existing knowledge gaps and apply precision health to systemic vasculitis.