Non-invasive biomarkers for early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer risk: metabolite genomewide association study based on the KCPS-II cohort

Abstract

Background Pancreatic cancer is a lethal disease with a high mortality rate. The difficulty of early diagnosis is one of its primary causes. Therefore, we aimed to discover non-invasive biomarkers that facilitate the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer risk. Methods The study subjects were randomly selected from the Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II and matched by age, sex, and blood collection point [pancreatic cancer incidence (n = 128) vs. control (n = 256)]. The baseline serum samples were analyzed by non-targeted metabolomics, and XGBoost was used to select significant metabolites related to pancreatic cancer incidence. Genomewide association study for the selected metabolites discovered valuable single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Moderation and mediation analysis were conducted to explore the variables related to pancreatic cancer risk. Results Eleven discriminant metabolites were selected by applying a cut-off of 4.0 in XGBoost. Five SNP presented significance in metabolite-GWAS (p ≤ 5 × 10–6) and logistic regression analysis. Among them, the pair metabolite of rs2370981, rs55870181, and rs72805402 displayed a different network pattern with clinical/biochemical indicators on comparison with allelic carrier and non-carrier. In addition, we demonstrated the indirect effect of rs59519100 on pancreatic cancer risk mediated by γ-glutamyl tyrosine, which affects the smoking status. The predictive ability for pancreatic cancer on the model using five SNPs and four pair metabolites with the conventional risk factors was the highest (AUC: 0.738 [0.661–0.815]). Conclusions Signatures involving metabolites and SNPs discovered in the present research may be closely associated with the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer and for use as predictive biomarkers allowing early pancreatic cancer diagnosis and therapy.