Non-human C. difficile Reservoirs and Sources: Animals, Food, Environment

Diaz, Cristina Rodriguez; Seyboldt, Christian; Rupnik, Maja

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72799-8_13

Cited by 72 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…All the samples tested corresponded to the top layer of the soil (the uppermost 2 cm). These findings confirm the results of previous studies reporting that C. difficile is very prevalent in different soils (Rodriguez et al, ; Janezic et al, ; Moono et al, ). Furthermore, some of the PCR‐ ribotypes found are the same as those isolated from humans and animals.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Animals and retail foods have been repeatedly considered as potential vectors for C. difficile transmission (Rodriguez, Seyboldt, & Rupnik, ; Durham, Olsen, Dubberke, Galvani, & Townsend, ; Gould & Limbago, ; Rupnik, ). However, the prevalence of the bacterium in these types of samples has been found to be rather low (Cho et al, ; Hoffer, Haechler, Frei, & Stephan, ; Rodriguez et al, ; Shaughnessy et al, ), suggesting that other contamination routes in the environment must exist (Rodriguez et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seasonality ofClostridium difficilein the natural environment

Rodríguez

Bouchafa

Soumillion

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Clostridium difficile is considered the leading cause of antibiotic‐associated disease worldwide. In the past decade, a large number of studies have focused on identifying the main sources of contamination in order to elucidate the complete life cycle of the infection. Hospitals, animals and retail foods have been considered as potential vectors. However, the prevalence of C. difficile in these types of samples was found to be rather low, suggesting that other contamination routes must exist. This study explores the presence of C. difficile in the natural environment and the seasonal dynamics of the bacterium. C. difficile was isolated from a total of 45 samples out of 112 collected (40.2%) on 56 sampling points. A total of 17 points were positive only during the winter sampling (30.4%), 10 were positive only during the summer sampling (17.9%) and 9 sampling points (16.1%) were positive in both summer sampling and winter sampling. Spore counts in soil samples ranged between 50 and 250 cfu/g for 24.4% of the positive samples, with the highest concentrations detected in samples collected in the forest during winter campaign (200–250 cfu/g). A total of 17 different PCR ribotypes were identified, and 15 of them had the genes coding for toxins A and B. Most of those ribotypes had not previously been found or had been isolated only sporadically (<1% of samples) from hospitals in Belgium. Regarding antimicrobial susceptibility, most of the resistant strains were found during the summer campaign. These findings bear out that C. difficile is present in the natural environment, where the bacterium undergoes seasonal variations.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonality ofClostridium difficilein the natural environment

Rodríguez

Bouchafa

Soumillion

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…; Rodriguez Diaz et al . ). In this study, 6 RTs that are known to be associated with human CDI were isolated from rodents; RT005, RT010, RT014, RT015, RT078 and RT087.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…; Rodriguez Diaz et al . ). The bacterium C. difficile not only causes disease in humans, it is also able to cause enteric disease in several animal species, such as horses, piglets, calves and other domestic animals (Båverud ; Rupnik ; Rupnik et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Clostridium difficile in wild rodents and insectivores in the Netherlands

Krijger

Meerburg

Harmanus

et al. 2019

Lett Appl Microbiol

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With wild rodents and insectivores being present around humans and their living, working and food production environments, it is important to gain knowledge of the zoonotic pathogens present in these animals. The enteropathogen Clostridium difficile, an opportunistic anaerobic bacteria, can be carried by both animals and humans, and is distributed globally. It is known that there is genetic overlap between human and animal sources of C. difficile. In this study, the aim was to assess the presence of C. difficile in rodents and insectivores trapped on and around pig and cattle farms in the Netherlands. In total 347 rodents and insectivores (10 different species) were trapped and 39·2% tested positive for presence of C. difficile. For all positive samples the ribotype (RT) was determined, and in total there were 13 different RTs found (in descending order of frequency: 057, 010, 029, 005, 073, 078, 015, 035, 454, 014, 058, 062, 087). Six of the RTs isolated from rodents and insectivores are known to be associated with human C. difficile infection; RT005, RT010, RT014, RT015, RT078 and RT087. The presence of rodents and insectivores in and around food production buildings (e.g. farms) could contribute to the spread of C. difficile in the human environment. In order to enable on‐farm management for pathogen control, it is essential to comprehend the role of wild rodents and insectivores that could potentially affect the ecology of disease agents on farms. Significance and Impact of the Study This study shows that rodents and insectivores in and around food production buildings (e.g. farms) can carry Clostridium difficile ribotypes associated with human C. difficile infection (CDI). C. difficile spores in rodent and insectivore droppings are able to survive in the environment for prolonged periods, leading to host‐to‐host exposure and transmission. Therefore we can state that rodent and insectivore presence on farms is a risk for zoonotic pathogen transmission of C. difficile.

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Clostridia: Botulinum-Neurotoxin (BoNT)-Producing Clostridia, Clostridium perfringens, and Clostridioides difficile

Messelhäußer¹

2023

Zoonoses: Infections Affecting Humans and Animals

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Non-human C. difficile Reservoirs and Sources: Animals, Food, Environment

Cited by 72 publications

References 84 publications

Seasonality ofClostridium difficilein the natural environment

Seasonality ofClostridium difficilein the natural environment

Clostridium difficile in wild rodents and insectivores in the Netherlands

Clostridia: Botulinum-Neurotoxin (BoNT)-Producing Clostridia, Clostridium perfringens, and Clostridioides difficile

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