Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Developed Shortly after mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature

Cavanna, L.; Grassi, Sergio Ottavio; Ruffini, Livia; Michieletti, Emanuele; Carella, E; Palli, D.; Zangrandi, Adriano; Inzerilli, Nicola; Bernuzzi, Patrizia; Nunzio, Camilla Di Di; Citterio, Chiara

doi:10.3390/medicina59010157

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In addition, the spike protein may interact with the tumor suppressor [ 77 , 78 ] (p. 53). It would therefore be wise to explore the tumorigenic effect in vivo and to monitor any cancers developed by vaccinated individuals over the long term, especially as it has been suggested that cancers can be reactivated by mRNA vaccines [ 79 , 80 , 81 ] or may develop after mRNA vaccination [ 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mRNA: Vaccine or Gene Therapy? The Safety Regulatory Issues

Banoun

2023

IJMS

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COVID-19 vaccines were developed and approved rapidly in response to the urgency created by the pandemic. No specific regulations existed at the time they were marketed. The regulatory agencies therefore adapted them as a matter of urgency. Now that the pandemic emergency has passed, it is time to consider the safety issues associated with this rapid approval. The mode of action of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines should classify them as gene therapy products (GTPs), but they have been excluded by regulatory agencies. Some of the tests they have undergone as vaccines have produced non-compliant results in terms of purity, quality and batch homogeneity. The wide and persistent biodistribution of mRNAs and their protein products, incompletely studied due to their classification as vaccines, raises safety issues. Post-marketing studies have shown that mRNA passes into breast milk and could have adverse effects on breast-fed babies. Long-term expression, integration into the genome, transmission to the germline, passage into sperm, embryo/fetal and perinatal toxicity, genotoxicity and tumorigenicity should be studied in light of the adverse events reported in pharmacovigilance databases. The potential horizontal transmission (i.e., shedding) should also have been assessed. In-depth vaccinovigilance should be carried out. We would expect these controls to be required for future mRNA vaccines developed outside the context of a pandemic.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mRNA: Vaccine or Gene Therapy? The Safety Regulatory Issues

Banoun

2023

IJMS

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“…Nonetheless, remission and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation of B-cell lymphoma have also been reported following the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 viral vector vaccine ( 20 , 21 ). Individual cases of development, progression, exacerbation, recurrence, and spontaneous regression of T cell lymphoma have also been described for both the mRNA-based as well as viral vector-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines ( 8 , 18 , 22 – 27 ). Interestingly, the occurrence of malignant lymphoma post vaccination is not limited to the novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In spite of their undisputed success in decreasing COVID-19-associated hospitalizations and mortality, with over 13 billion doses administered globally, a variety of adverse events associated with COVID-19 vaccination have been reported among the general population ( 6 , 7 ). The emergence of malignant lymphoma following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination is one of such rare adverse events that has raised concern, although evidence for causality and a deeper understanding of the mechanisms potentially involved are lacking ( 8 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma following intravenous BNT162b2 mRNA booster in a BALB/c mouse: A case report

et al. 2023

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Unprecedented immunization campaigns have been rolled out worldwide in an attempt to contain the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Multiple vaccines were brought to the market, among two utilizing novel messenger ribonucleic acid technology. Despite their undisputed success in decreasing COVID-19-associated hospitalizations and mortality, various adverse events have been reported. The emergence of malignant lymphoma is one of such rare adverse events that has raised concern, although an understanding of the mechanisms potentially involved remains lacking. Herein, we present the first case of B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma following intravenous high-dose mRNA COVID-19 vaccination (BNT162b2) in a BALB/c mouse. Two days following booster vaccination (i.e., 16 days after prime), at only 14 weeks of age, our animal suffered spontaneous death with marked organomegaly and diffuse malignant infiltration of multiple extranodal organs (heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen) by lymphoid neoplasm. Immunohistochemical examination revealed organ sections positive for CD19, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, and c-MYC, compatible with a B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma immunophenotype. Our murine case adds to previous clinical reports on malignant lymphoma development following novel mRNA COVID-19 vaccination, although a demonstration of direct causality remains difficult. Extra vigilance is required, with conscientious reporting of similar cases and a further investigation of the mechanisms of action explaining the aforementioned association.

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“…Researchers have reported that the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-LNP vaccine may pose the risk of development and progression of cancer [25][26][27][28]. In addition, several case reports have described cancer developing or worsening after vaccination and discussed possible causal links between cancer and mRNA-LNP vaccination [29][30][31][32][33][34].…”

Section: Influence Of Multiple Mrna-lnp Vaccine Dosesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased Age-Adjusted Cancer Mortality After the Third mRNA-Lipid Nanoparticle Vaccine Dose During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan

Gibo,

Kojima,

Fujisawa

et al. 2024

Cureus

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During the COVID-19 pandemic, excess deaths including cancer have become a concern in Japan, which has a rapidly aging population. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate how age-adjusted mortality rates (AMRs) for different types of cancer in Japan changed during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2022). Official statistics from Japan were used to compare observed annual and monthly AMRs with predicted rates based on pre-pandemic (2010-2019) figures using logistic regression analysis. No significant excess mortality was observed during the first year of the pandemic (2020). However, some excess cancer mortalities were observed in 2021 after mass vaccination with the first and second vaccine doses, and significant excess mortalities were observed for all cancers and some specific types of cancer (including ovarian cancer, leukemia, prostate cancer, lip/oral/pharyngeal cancer, pancreatic cancer, and breast cancer) after mass vaccination with the third dose in 2022. AMRs for the four cancers with the most deaths (lung, colorectal, stomach, and liver) showed a decreasing trend until the first year of the pandemic in 2020, but the rate of decrease slowed in 2021 and 2022. This study discusses possible explanations for these increases in age-adjusted cancer mortality rates.

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Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Developed Shortly after mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature

Cited by 14 publications

References 22 publications

mRNA: Vaccine or Gene Therapy? The Safety Regulatory Issues

mRNA: Vaccine or Gene Therapy? The Safety Regulatory Issues

B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma following intravenous BNT162b2 mRNA booster in a BALB/c mouse: A case report

Increased Age-Adjusted Cancer Mortality After the Third mRNA-Lipid Nanoparticle Vaccine Dose During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan

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