“…[5][6][7][8][9] However, two types of electrochemical glucose biosensors, such as enzymatic and non-enzymatic or enzyme-free glucose biosensors, have been commonly reported. Enzyme-free glucose biosensors with the application of various materials, based on carbon materials, 12 polymers, 13 metals or metal oxides, 14,15 have received considerable attention owing to the inclination of enzymes utilization, stress-free electrode fabrication, stability, simplicity, reproducibility, and cost-effectiveness. [9][10][11] Among the metals or metal oxides, particularly, nickel (Ni) and its oxide electrodes are a good option due to their high stability, reproducibility of results, low toxicity, natural abundance, and low-cost.…”