Non‐destructive, reverse iontophoretic extraction of phytochemicals from Mangifera indica, Centella asiatica, Punica granatum, and Citrus sinensis

Abstract

For the commercial‐scale isolation of phytochemicals, a suitable plant biomass source (including species, origin, growing season, etc.) must be identified, and frequent analytical verification is required to ensure that the phytochemicals are present at predefined minimum threshold concentrations. While the latter are typically assessed in the laboratory, a more efficient and less resource‐intensive approach would involve non‐destructive and environmentally friendly measurements in situ. Reverse iontophoretic (RI) sampling offers a potential solution to this challenge. Objective We aimed to demonstrate the non‐destructive, RI sampling of phytochemicals of interest from biomass from four different sources. Materials and methods RI experiments were performed in side‐by‐side diffusion cells using a current density of 0.5 mA/cm2, for a predetermined time in a defined pH environment, using (1) fresh leaves from Mangifera indica and Centella asiatica and (2) isolated peel from Punica granatum and Citrus sinensis. Results Mangiferin, madecassoside, punicalagin, ellagic acid, and hesperidin were extracted from the different biomasses by RI. The amounts extracted ranged from 0.03 mg/100 mg of biomass for the cathodal extraction of madecassoside to 0.63 mg/100 mg of biomass for the anodal extraction of punicalagin. A linear relationship (r2 = 0.73) between the RI‐extracted quantities of punicalagin and those determined using conventional methods was demonstrated. Conclusion The non‐destructive, in situ measurement of phytochemical levels by RI represents a feasible approach for timing the harvesting process.

Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Approaches of Mangiferin: Promises, Reality and Challenges in Cancer Chemotherapy

“…The procedure is to extract the Mangifera indica plant material with solvent, i.e., hexane, in a Soxhlet system to elucidate lipids. After drying, the substance was extracted with methanol, and the resulting solutions were vaporized using a rotatory evaporator [38]. Various analysis techniques were used to analyze the extracts after they had been dissolved in methanol.…”

“…The regulation of the flora by environmental factors has some bearing on cancer development. A brief about the mechanisms of MGF towards cancer cells has been mentioned in Table 2 [38]. However, little research has been done on how MGF controls cancer-related microbes [72].…”