Non-destructive Rapid Analysis of Brominated Flame Retardants in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Using Raman Spectroscopy

Kikuchi, Sonoko; Kawauchi, Kiyotaka; Ooki, Sadatsugu; Kurosawa, Masaru; Honjho, Hisashi; Yagishita, Teruo

doi:10.2116/analsci.20.1111

Cited by 25 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Figure SM1 of the Supplementary Material shows the Raman spectra obtained from PCB and TBBPA. As can be observed, there are two distinctive bands from 100 to 300 cm-1 which are typical of TBBPA (O'Grady et al, 2001;Zheng et al, 2001;Kikuchi et al, 2004;Taurino et al, 2010).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 79%

Emissions of brominated compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during pyrolysis of E-waste debrominated in subcritical water

2017

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Degradation of brominated flame retardants present in printed circuit boards (PCBs) was tested using subcritical water in a high pressure reactor. Debromination experiments were carried out in a batch stirred reactor at three different temperatures (225 ºC, 250 ºC and 275 ºC) keeping a solid to liquid (S/L) ratio of PCB:water=1:5 during 180 min. Results indicated that debromination efficiency was increased with temperature (18.5 to 63.6% of bromine present in the original PCB was removed).Thermal decomposition of the debrominated materials was studied and compared with that of the original PCB. Thermogravimetric analyses were performed at three different heating rates (5, 10 and 20 K min -1 ), studying both the pyrolysis (inert atmosphere) and combustion (in air). Pyrolysis runs of the debrominated materials were also performed in a quartz horizontal laboratory furnace at 850 ºC, in order to study the emission of pollutants. More than 99% of the bromine was emitted in the form of HBr and Br 2 . Emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and bromophenols (BrPhs) decreased with the increase in the treatment temperature; naphthalene (10800 -18300 mg kg -1 original sample) and monobrominated phenols (12.8 -16.9 mg kg -1 original sample) were the most abundant compounds.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 79%

Emissions of brominated compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during pyrolysis of E-waste debrominated in subcritical water

2017

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“…They include energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (ED-XRF), infrared equipped with an attenuated total reflectance accessory, and Raman spectroscopy [9,13,26,27]. ED-XRF displays analytical results for bromine and chlorine under elemental form, while infrared and Raman spectroscopy may identify the specific halogenated compounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ED-XRF displays analytical results for bromine and chlorine under elemental form, while infrared and Raman spectroscopy may identify the specific halogenated compounds. Although Kikuchi et al suggested in their study about BFRs in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) [27] that Raman spectroscopy is less prone to matrix interference, these spectroscopic techniques are affected strongly by this problem that could mask positive findings, and are not appropriate for low concentrations [9]. Morf et al carried out a quantitative XRF analysis [28] preparing the grained samples mixed with a matrix modifier (silicates and/or lime), a matrix similar to that used for calibration (based on a calibration for geological samples with standard reference material).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Some Real Mixed Plastics from WEEE: A Focus on Chlorine and Bromine Determination by Different Analytical Methods

et al. 2016

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Bromine and chlorine are almost ubiquitous in waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and the knowledge of their content in the plastic fraction is an essential step for proper end of life management. The aim of this study is to compare the following analytical methods: energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (ED-XRF), ion chromatography (IC), ion-selective electrodes (ISEs), and elemental analysis for the quantitative determination of chlorine and bromine in four real samples taken from different WEEE treatment plants, identifying the best analytical technique for waste management workers. Home-made plastic standard materials with known concentrations of chlorine or bromine have been used for calibration of ED-XRF and to test the techniques before the sample analysis. Results showed that IC and ISEs, based upon dissolution of the products of the sample combustion, have not always achieved a quantitative absorption of the analytes in the basic solutions and that bromine could be underestimated since several oxidation states occur after combustion. Elemental analysis designed for chlorine determination is subjected to strong interference from bromine and required frequent regeneration and recalibration of the measurement cell. The most reliable method seemed to be the non-destructive ED-XRF. Calibration with home-made standards, having a similar plastic matrix of the samples, enabled us to carry out quantitative determinations, which have been revealed to be satisfactorily accurate and precise. In all the analyzed samples a total concentration of chlorine and/or bromine between 0.6 and 4 w/w% was detected, compromising the feasibility of a mechanical recycling and suggesting the exploration of an alternative route for managing these plastic wastes.

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“…In order to address the potential health concerns and environmental impacts associated with the wide-spread use these chemicals, it is essential to identify them efficiently in the environment and consumer products. Raman spectroscopy (RS) offers an attractive option for the noninvasive, in-situ identification of flame retardants in a variety of sample formats [2][3][4]. RS based chemical identification relies on the availability of spectral libraries for identification through spectral matching with reference chemicals.…”

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confidence: 99%

Raman spectroscopy based identification of flame retardants in consumer products using an acquired reference spectral library

Ghosal

Fang

2015

Talanta

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Non-destructive Rapid Analysis of Brominated Flame Retardants in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Using Raman Spectroscopy

Cited by 25 publications

References 3 publications

Emissions of brominated compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during pyrolysis of E-waste debrominated in subcritical water

Emissions of brominated compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during pyrolysis of E-waste debrominated in subcritical water

Characterization of Some Real Mixed Plastics from WEEE: A Focus on Chlorine and Bromine Determination by Different Analytical Methods

Raman spectroscopy based identification of flame retardants in consumer products using an acquired reference spectral library

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