Non-Destructive Detection of Abnormal Chicken Eggs by Using an Optimized Spectral Analysis System

Abstract

Environmental pressures, such as temperature and light intensity, food, and genetic factors, can cause chicken eggs to develop abnormalities. The common types of internal egg abnormalities include bloody and damaged egg yolk. Spectrometers have been recently used in real-time abnormal egg detection research. However, there are very few studies on the optimization of measurement systems. This study aimed to establish optimum parameters for detecting of internal egg abnormalities (bloody and damaged-yolk eggs) using visible and near-infrared (Vis/NIR) spectrometry (192–1110 nm range) and multivariate data analysis. The detection performance using various system parameters, such as the types of light sources, the configuration of the light, and sensor positions, was investigated. With the help of collected data, a partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model was developed to classify normal and abnormal eggs. The highest classification accuracy for the various system parameters was 98.7%. Three band selection methods, such as weighted regression coefficient (WRC), sequential feature selection (SFS), and successive projection algorithm (SPA) were used for further model optimization, to reduce the spectral bands from 1028 to less than 7. In conclusion the results indicate that the types of light sources and the configuration design of the sensor and illumination affect the detection accuracy for abnormal eggs.

Full Characterisation of Heroin Samples Using Infrared Spectroscopy and Multivariate Calibration

“…From the techniques available at the majority of the drug checking services, infrared spectroscopy (IR) shows the highest potential, especially when it is used together with multivariate calibration techniques [ 12 , 13 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. The combination of infrared spectroscopy, both mid- and near IR, and multivariate calibration was already applied in a plethora of fields, ranging from illegal medicines [ 24 ] and cosmetics [ 25 ], through e-liquids [ 26 , 27 ] and food analysis [ 28 , 29 , 30 ] to the analysis of illicit drug samples. In the context of the latter, it was also applied for the analysis of heroin.…”