Non-conventional superconductivity in magnetic In and Sn nanoparticles

Abstract

We report on experimental evidence of non-conversional pairing in In and Sn nanoparticle assemblies. Spontaneous magnetizations are observed, through extremely weak-field magnetization and neutron-diffraction measurements, to develop when the nanoparticles enter the superconducting state. The superconducting transition temperature TC shifts to a noticeably higher temperature when an external magnetic field or magnetic Ni nanoparticles are introduced into the vicinity of the superconducting In or Sn nanoparticles. There is a critical magnetic field and a critical Ni composition that must be reached before the magnetic environment will suppress the superconductivity. The observations may be understood when assuming development of spin-parallel superconducting pairs on the surfaces and spin-antiparallel superconducting pairs in the core of the nanoparticles.

Drag Reduction Related to Boundary Layer Control in Transportation of Heavy Crude Oil by Pipeline: A Review

“…In recent decades, due to the excellent drag reduction effect of magnetic fluid, magnetic fluid lubrication DR technology has become the research frontier. 152 Dunne et al 153 pointed out that the use of magnetic fluid can create an almost frictionless liquid−liquid channel in which water flows in the center of the pipe and avoids direct contact with the solid wall (see Figure 18). Dev et al 154 reported that the drag of ferromagnetic fluid in a microchannel (submillimeter or millimeter) liquid flow is reduced by 60% to 99%, and the process is not affected by the viscosity of the transported liquid, which means that this technology is suitable for both light and heavy oil.…”

“…Magnetic fluid made of base liquid, magnetic particles, and surfactant is a kind of highly stable viscous colloid solution composed of nanometer ferromagnetic particles highly dispersed in the carrier liquid. In recent decades, due to the excellent drag reduction effect of magnetic fluid, magnetic fluid lubrication DR technology has become the research frontier . Dunne et al pointed out that the use of magnetic fluid can create an almost frictionless liquid–liquid channel in which water flows in the center of the pipe and avoids direct contact with the solid wall (see Figure ).…”