Non‐contact removal of coadhering and non‐coadhering bacterial pairs from pellicle surfaces by sonic brushing and de novo adhesion

Abstract

Coadhesion between oral microbial pairs is an established factor in the spatiotemporal development and prevalence of mixed-species communities in early dental plaque in vivo. This study compares removal and de novo adhesion of pairs of coadhering and non-coadhering oral actinomyces and streptococci by sonic brushing on salivary pellicles in a non-contact mode as a function of the distance between the brush and the pellicle surface in vitro. First, actinomycetes were adhered to a pellicle surface, after which streptococci suspended in saliva were allowed to adhere. Removal was examined by non-contact, sonic brushing with a wetted brush on a either a wetted or a substratum immersed to a depth of 7 mm. After brushing, de novo adhesion of streptococci to brushed pellicles was studied. For coadhering and non-coadhering pairs, 34% and 9%, respectively, of the adhering bacteria were involved in aggregates comprising more than 10 organisms. Non-contact, sonic brushing removed up to 99% of the adhering bacteria, regardless of the state of immersion of the substratum. Bacterial removal decreased with increasing distance of up to 6 mm between brush and pellicle surface. For the non-coadhering pair, subsequent exposure of pellicles to a streptococcal suspension yielded about 6% of bacteria involved in large aggregates. Alternatively, de novo adhesion of the coadhering streptococcal strain to pellicles brushed on the wetted substratum yielded 31% of bacteria involved in large aggregates, but after brushing the immersed substratum only 12% of the adhering bacteria were found in large aggregates. It is concluded that non-contact sonic brushing, under immersion, removes high percentage of adhering bacterial pairs up to a distance of 6 mm between the brush and the pellicle surface. However, non-contact, sonic brushing with only a thin wet film on the substratum may leave footprints to which streptococci preferentially adhere.

Effects of easy-to-perform procedures to reduce bacterial colonization withStreptococcus mutansandStaphylococcus aureuson toothbrushes

“…Previous data suggesting a potential superiority of sonic toothbrushes [25] could not be confi rmed by our study. The brush head type did not show a signifi cant effect either.…”

Static biofilm removal around ultrasonic tips in vitro

“…A study by Busscher and co-workers showed that sonic brushing at contact removed 92% to 94% of the coadhering and non-coadhering pair under investigation, respectively, but removal decreased with increasing distance between the brush and the pellicle surfaces [22]. Especially non-contact biofilm removal must be regarded as an interplay of hydrodynamic energy transfer through the fluid [23].…”

Oral biofilm models for mechanical plaque removal

“…Subsequently, after re-mounting the bottom plate in the flow chamber, it was filled again with buffer and rinsed for 10 min, after which, ten images of the brushed areas were taken. Protocol A was only done for contact brushing, since previous experiments with non-contact brushing have indicated almost full removal of initially adhering bacteria at 2-mm distance [4, 39]. …”