Non-compliance with graduated driver licensing (GDL) requirements: Changes in GDL-related conviction rates over time among 16–17-year-old California drivers

Masten, Scott V.; Chapman, Eric A; Atkinson, Debra Barbiaux; Browning, Kelly K.

doi:10.1016/j.aap.2014.07.008

Cited by 7 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…These studies have provided mostly high-level per-driver estimates, which have varied widely by jurisdiction and for several reasons may overestimate the true extent of non-compliance. 6,26 For example, a survey conducted in 2012 found that approximately 45% of NJ intermediate drivers reported driving with more than one passenger other than a family member. 27 Conversely, the QIE and naturalistic methods both estimate trip-level instead of driver-level compliance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cross-sectional surveys primarily have provided only general estimates of driver non-compliance; estimates vary substantially between jurisdictions. 6 Further, surveys are likely limited by nonresponse bias, lack of representativeness, and smaller sample sizes that preclude assessment of subgroup differences. Studies that directly observe behaviors among young drivers are unable to accurately measure “compliance” per se because intermediate drivers are not easily distinguished from fully licensed drivers; further, observed driving behaviors in limited settings may not typify behavior at other times and locations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The existing literature consists of several semi-structured interviews with law enforcement that suggest police do not feel empowered to enforce restrictions and a recent analysis that found low levels of GDL conviction among young intermediate drivers. 6,14,15 To date, no study has assessed GDL enforcement specifically among non-compliant intermediate drivers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Compliance With and Enforcement of Graduated Driver Licensing Restrictions

Curry

Pfeiffer

Elliott

2017

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

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Introduction Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) is the most effective strategy to reduce the burden of young driver crashes, but the extent to which young intermediate (newly licensed) drivers comply with and police enforce important GDL passenger and night-time restrictions is largely unknown. Population-level rates of intermediate drivers’ compliance were estimated as well as police enforcement among crash-involved drivers who were non-compliant. Methods New Jersey’s statewide driver licensing and crash databases were individually linked. The quasi-induced exposure method’s fundamental assumption—that non-responsible young intermediate drivers in clean (i.e., only one responsible driver) multivehicle crashes are reasonably representative of young intermediate drivers on the road—was borrowed. Incidence was then estimated among the 9,250 non-responsible intermediate drivers who were involved in clean multivehicle crashes from July 2010 through June 2012. The proportion of crash-involved non-compliant intermediate drivers who were issued a GDL citation, by crash responsibility, was calculated. Data were collected in 2013 and analyzed in 2015. Results Overall, 8.3% (95% CI=7.8%, 8.9%) of intermediate drivers’ trips were non-compliant with New Jersey’s passenger restriction and 3.1% (95% CI=2.8%, 3.5%) with its night-time restriction; compliance was significantly lower among those residing in low-income and urban areas, among male drivers, on weekends, and in summer months. The proportion of crash-involved non-compliant intermediate drivers who were issued a GDL citation was low (non-responsible drivers, 10.3%; responsible drivers, 19.0%). Conclusions The vast majority of intermediate driver trips are in compliance with GDL restrictions. Outreach activities should consider targeting higher-risk situations and groups with higher non-compliance rates.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Compliance With and Enforcement of Graduated Driver Licensing Restrictions

Curry

Pfeiffer

Elliott

2017

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

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“…However, surprisingly little is known about compliance. The existing collection of studies—nicely reviewed by Masten et al (2014)—has indeed advanced our understanding of novice driver compliance but for the most part has provided only very general estimates. Many critical questions remain: What is the extent of non-compliance among the population of young novice drivers?…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating young novice drivers' compliance with graduated driver licensing restrictions: A novel approach

Curry

2016

Traffic Injury Prevention

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Objective Current methods of estimating compliance with Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) restrictions among young drivers with intermediate driver’s licenses—which include surveys, direct observations, and naturalistic studies—cannot sufficiently answer many critical foundational questions: What is the extent of non-compliance among the population of young intermediate drivers? How does compliance change over the course of licensure? How does compliance differ by driver subgroup and in certain driving environments? This paper proposes an alternative and complementary approach to estimating population-level compliance with GDL nighttime and passenger restrictions via application of the quasi-induced exposure (QIE) method. Methods The paper summarizes the main limitations of previous methods employed to estimate compliance. It then introduces the proposed method of borrowing the fundamental assumption of the QIE method—that young intermediate drivers who are non-responsible in clean (i.e., one and only one responsible driver) multi-vehicle crashes are reasonably representative of young intermediate drivers on the road—to estimate population-based compliance. I describe formative work that has been done to ensure this method can be validly applied among young intermediate drivers and provide a practical application of this method: an estimate of compliance with New Jersey’s passenger restrictions among 8,006 non-responsible 17- to 20-year-old intermediate drivers involved in clean two-vehicle crashes from July 2010 through June 2012. Results Over the study period, an estimated 8.4% (95% CI: 7.8%, 9.0%) of intermediate drivers’ trips were not in compliance with NJ’s GDL passenger restriction. These findings were remarkably similar to previous estimates from more resource-intensive naturalistic studies (Goodwin et al., 2006; Klauer et al., 2011). Conclusion Studies can practically apply proposed methods to estimate population-level compliance with GDL passenger and night restrictions; examine how compliance varies by relevant driver, vehicle, and environmental factors; and evaluate the implementation of a GDL provision or other intervention aimed at increasing compliance with these restrictions. Important considerations and potential limitations and challenges are discussed.

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“…However, the causal mechanism and potential for crash reduction among young drivers with learner's permits are less clear. The rate of conviction for GDL violations among young permitted drivers is very low and a recent naturalistic study found that those drivers are virtually always accompanied by an adult supervisor,4 5 suggesting they generally have very high rates of compliance with GDL provisions. Further, unlike the lifetime high crash rates experienced in the initial months of the intermediate phase, young drivers with permits already experience much lower crash rates,6 7 leaving less room for improvement via intervention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between New Jersey's Graduated Driver Licensing decal provision and crash rates of young drivers with learners' permits

et al. 2015

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New Jersey (NJ) implemented the first-in-the-US Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) decal provision in May 2010 for young drivers with learner's permits or intermediate licenses. Previous analyses found an association between the provision and crash reduction among intermediate drivers. The aim of this study is to examine the association between NJ's provision and GDL citation and crash rates among drivers aged <21 years with learner's permits. We estimated monthly per-driver rates from January 2006 through June 2012. Negative binomial modeling compared pre and post decal crash rates adjusted for gender, age, calendar month, and gas price. The monthly GDL citation rate was two per 10,000 drivers in the predecal and postdecal periods. Crashes were rare and rates declined similarly pre and post decal (adjusted rate ratio of postdecal vs predecal slope: 1.04 (0.97 to 1.12)). NJ's GDL decal provision was not associated with a change in citation or crash rates among young NJ drivers with learner's permits.

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Non-compliance with graduated driver licensing (GDL) requirements: Changes in GDL-related conviction rates over time among 16–17-year-old California drivers

Cited by 7 publications

References 44 publications

Compliance With and Enforcement of Graduated Driver Licensing Restrictions

Compliance With and Enforcement of Graduated Driver Licensing Restrictions

Estimating young novice drivers' compliance with graduated driver licensing restrictions: A novel approach

Association between New Jersey's Graduated Driver Licensing decal provision and crash rates of young drivers with learners' permits

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