Non-communicable diseases attributed mortality and associated sociodemographic factors in Papua New Guinea: Evidence from the Comprehensive Health and Epidemiological Surveillance System

Abstract

Background Papua New Guinea (PNG) is undergoing an epidemiological transition with increased mortality from NCDs. This study examined NCDs-attributed mortality and associated sociodemographic factors in PNG. Method Using WHO 2016 instrument, 926 verbal autopsy (VA) interviews were conducted in six major provinces from January 2018 to December 2020. InterVA-5 tool was used to assign causes of death (COD). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify sociodemographic factors associated with mortalities from emerging and endemic NCDs. Finding NCDs accounted for 47% of the total deaths, including 20% of deaths attributed to emerging NCDs and 27% of deaths due to endemic NCDs. Leading CODs from emerging NCDs were identified including cardiac diseases, stroke, and diabetes. The risk of dying from emerging NCDs was significantly lower among populations under age 44y compared with population aged 75+y (OR: 0.14 [0.045–0.433]; p-value: 0.001). People living in urban areas were twice likely to die from emerging NCDs than those in rural areas (OR: 1.92 [1.116–3.31]; p-value: 0.018). People in Madang province were 70% less likely to die from emerging NCDs compared to those from East New Britain province (OR: 0.314 [0.135–0.73]; p-value: 0.007). Leading CODs from endemic NCDs included digestive neoplasms, respiratory neoplasms, and other neoplasms. Only children aged 0-4y had significant lower risk of dying from endemic NCDs compared to the population aged 75+y (OR: 0.114 [95% CI: 0.014–0.896]; p-value: 0.039). Conclusion Public health interventions are urgently needed, prioritizing urban population and those aged over 44y to reduce premature mortality from NCDs.

Medicinal Plants Used in the Management of Sexual Dysfunction, Infertility and Improving Virility in the East African Community: A Systematic Review

“…species and nitric oxide production in zebra fsh (LD 50 ) [99]. Toxicity studies with zingerone (5) and gingerol (6) have shown that they are safe [100,104].…”

“…Accordingly, three in fve of the global deaths are ascribed to at least one of the four main noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), namely, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular, and chronic lung diseases [3][4][5]. Most global mortalities (up to 71%) are due to NCDs [6], and 77% of these occur in low-and middle-income countries due to limited access to medical services and poverty [7]. Whereas the global focus is on the major NCDs, conditions such as sexual dysfunction, infertility, and anaphrodisia (sexual inappetence) represent some of the complex health challenges.…”

“…(6)-rich fraction of ginger enhanced sperm motility and count but attenuated sperm abnormality in male rats with carbendazim-induced toxicity[82].Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine…”

Maternal demographic and socioeconomic correlates of child mortality in Papua New Guinea: Evidence from the integrated Health and Demographic Surveillance System

“…Using the household characteristics and assets from the household data as a proxy to evaluate socioeconomic status [19,38,44,45], a household wealth index was calculated using principal component analysis [46], The household wealth index was divided into five quintiles, with each quintile, from the first to the fifth, including the lowest or poorest household, lower or poorer households, middle households, higher or wealthier households, and highest or richest households [44,46]. Further information on similar analysis involving the surveillance data are discussed elsewhere [44,45,47,48].…”