Non-coding RNAs in lung cancer: molecular mechanisms and clinical applications

Abstract

Lung cancer (LC) is a heterogeneous disease with high malignant degree, rapid growth, and early metastasis. The clinical outcomes of LC patients are generally poor due to the insufficient elucidation of pathological mechanisms, low efficiency of detection and assessment methods, and lack of individualized therapeutic strategies. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNA (miRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), and circular RNA (circRNA), are endogenous regulators that are widely involved in the modulation of almost all aspects of life activities, from organogenesis and aging to immunity and cancer. They commonly play vital roles in various biological processes by regulating gene expression via their interactions with DNA, RNA, or protein. An increasing amount of studies have demonstrated that ncRNAs are closely correlated with the initiation and development of LC. Their dysregulation promotes the progression of LC via distinct mechanisms, such as influencing protein activity, activating oncogenic signaling pathways, or altering specific gene expression. Furthermore, some ncRNAs present certain clinical values as biomarker candidates and therapeutic targets for LC patients. A complete understanding of their mechanisms in LC progression may be highly beneficial to developing ncRNA-based therapeutics for LC patients. This review mainly focuses on the intricate mechanisms of miRNA, lncRNA, and circRNA involved in LC progression and discuss their underlying applications in LC treatment.

The Role of Circular RNA Variants Generated from the NFIX Gene in Different Diseases

“…There are three types of circRNAs that can be formed by backsplicing via four different mechanisms. ,− The lariat-driven circularization model can produce circular exonic RNAs (ecRNAs). , The intron-pairing-driven circularization model generates ecRNAs or exon–intron circular RNAs (EIciRNAs). , The circular intronic RNA (ciRNA) formation mechanism only produces ciRNAs . The RNA binding protein (RBP)-driven model can give rise to the production of ecRNAs and EIciRNAs. , EcRNAs are the most abundant type of circRNAs and have the most diverse range of functions. , EcRNAs are mainly located in the cytoplasm, , whereas ciRNAs and EIciRNAs are restricted to the nucleus because they contain intron sequences …”

“…33,34 EcRNAs are the most abundant type of circRNAs and have the most diverse range of functions. 10,35 EcRNAs are mainly located in the cytoplasm, 36,37 whereas ciRNAs and EIciRNAs are restricted to the nucleus because they contain intron sequences. 29 There are several properties that facilitate the functions of circRNAs: and in all cell types.…”

The Investigation into Intrinsic Elements Influencing the Onset of Lung Cancer

“…It has been documented that a multitude of different ncRNAs are differentially expressed in various tissues and bodily fluids of lung cancer patients, influencing nearly every aspect of lung cancer, including its initiation, invasion, metastasis, progression, and resistance to chemotherapy drugs [29]. Different ncRNAs play significant roles in the development and progression of lung cancer through various pathways, such as miR-125a-5p, which induces apoptosis in lung cancer cells by increasing the expression of the tumor suppressor gene p53 mRNA and protein [30].…”

Evaluating Oral Probiotic Supplements as Complementary Treatment in Advanced Lung Cancer Patients Receiving ICIs: A Prospective Real-World Study

“…It is a complex and diverse disease known for its aggressive behavior, rapid growth, and early tendency to metastasize to other parts of the body. 1 LC is typically categorized into 2 main groups: small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), each exhibiting distinctive pathological characteristics. 1 , 2 Unfortunately, individuals diagnosed with this condition often face a grim prognosis due to the limited efficacy of current treatment modalities.…”

“… 1 LC is typically categorized into 2 main groups: small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), each exhibiting distinctive pathological characteristics. 1 , 2 Unfortunately, individuals diagnosed with this condition often face a grim prognosis due to the limited efficacy of current treatment modalities. Consequently, LC continues to present a significant challenge to global initiatives aimed at increasing life expectancy.…”