Non-coding RNA and lung cancer progression

Abstract

Lung cancer (LC) is a major killer disease globally. This situation is further supported by yearly increase in new LC cases and its poor 5-year survival which is less than 15%. Although a large percentage of LC cases have been attributed to smoking, a considerable amount of nonsmokers also develops this disease, thereby suggesting a genetic and/or epigenetic undertone to LC development. Several growth-related genes such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as well as tumor suppressor genes such as p53 have been implicated in LC pathogenesis and progression. Likewise, the genome only contains approximately 1% of coding regions. Hence, noncoding portion of the genome such as noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) has been studied and discovered to play a cogent role in LC pathogenesis. More precisely, microRNAs (miRNAs) and long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) have been studied for decades. Posttranscriptional gene modulation function of miRNAs is well established and characterized. Likewise, the antagonizing interaction between lncRNAs and miRNAs had also been proven to further control gene expression during healthy and disease conditions like LC. More recently, renewed attention toward circular RNAs [circular RNAs (circRNAs)] study showed that circRNAs can also sponge miRNAs to modulate gene expressions too. Hence, miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs seem to function within a circuit to optimally determine which gene is needed to be upregulated or downregulated in biological system. Therefore, this review will discuss important ncRNAs, namely miRNA, lncRNA, and circRNA in LC progression. Paracrine effect of exosomal ncRNA will be also reviewed. In addition, the prospect of these ncRNAs in enhancing better LC treatment will be highlighted as well.

Identification of Competing Endogenous RNA and Micro-RNA Profiles and Regulatory Networks in 4-Nonylphenol-induced Impairment of Sertoli Cells

“…CircRNAs and lncRNAs can act as sponges for miRNAs and participate in a variety of important biological processes ( Kumar et al, 2017 ; Hu et al, 2018 ; Hu et al, 2019 ; Ishola et al, 2020 ). Spermatogenesis is dependent on sertoli cells, whose main function is to provide support and nutrition for spermatogenesis ( Riera et al, 2003 ; Jan et al, 2012 ).…”

Circular RNAs Modulate Cancer Hallmark and Molecular Pathways to Support Cancer Progression and Metastasis

“…Meanwhile, in studying cancer hallmarks and their associated molecular mechanisms, every biomolecule ranging from proteins, DNA and all types of RNA have been studied. Likewise, coding and noncoding RNAs have been implicated in tumorigenesis due to their ability to interfere with gene products or signaling in neoplastic cells [ 28 , 29 ]. In the current review, we specifically focus on circRNAs and their implication in modulating molecular signaling supporting cancer hallmarks.…”

Cerebrospinal fluid as a medium of liquid biopsy in the management of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer having central nervous system metastasis

“…Furthermore, circRNAs are abundant in the brain [65], and circRNA-miRNA networks that comprise circ-TTC39C and circ-PCCA have been identified in the CSF of patients with neurodegenerative diseases [66,67]. Multiple circRNAs have been discovered in the blood and tumor tissue of patients with lung cancer [68,69]. The expression of CircRNA_102481 in exosomes was related to brain metastasis in patients with NSCLC [70].…”