Non-catalytic transesterification of dry microalgae to fatty acid ethyl esters using supercritical ethanol and ethyl acetate

Rathnam, V. Mani; Modak, Jayant M.; Madras, Giridhar

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117998

Cited by 21 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 48 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Under these conditions, both gas and liquid phase densities become identical, and their difference vanishes. Biodiesel can be produced by transesterifying SCFs such as methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, dimethyl carbonate, and methyl acetate using vegetable oils in the absence of a catalyst [ 12 , 13 ]. Various SCFs used for biodiesel production are summarized in Table 1 .…”

Section: Transesterification/esterificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel Production Using Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Enzyme Catalysts via Transesterification and Esterification Reactions: a Critical Review

2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The excessive utilization of petroleum resources leads to global warming, crude oil price fluctuations, and the fast depletion of petroleum reserves. Biodiesel has gained importance over the last few years as a clean, sustainable, and renewable energy source. This review provides knowledge of biodiesel production via transesterification/esterification using different catalysts, their prospects, and their challenges. The intensive research on homogeneous chemical catalysts points to the challenges in using high free fatty acids containing oils, such as waste cooking oils and animal fats. The problems faced are soap formation and the difficulty in product separation. On the other hand, heterogeneous catalysts are more preferable in biodiesel synthesis due to their ease of separation and reusability. However, in-depth studies show the limited activity and selectivity issues. Using biomass waste-based catalysts can reduce the biodiesel production cost as the materials are readily available and cheap. The use of an enzymatic approach has gained precedence in recent times. Additionally, immobilization of these enzymes has also improved the statistics because of their excellent functional properties like easy separation and reusability. However, free/liquid lipases are also growing faster due to better mass transfer with reactants. Biocatalysts are exceptional in good selectivity and mild operational conditions, but attractive features are veiled with the operational costs. Nanocatalysts play a vital role in heterogeneous catalysis and lipase immobilization due to their excellent selectivity, reactivity, faster reaction rates owing to their higher surface area, and easy recovery from the products and reuse for several cycles.

show abstract

Section: Transesterification/esterificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel Production Using Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Enzyme Catalysts via Transesterification and Esterification Reactions: a Critical Review

2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Transesterification is the most well-known and widely-implemented method for producing plant-based biodiesel. During transesterification, alkyl groups in plant-based triacylglycerols (TAGs; or triglycerides, TGs) are exchanged with alkyl groups of an acyl acceptor (an alcohol or ester), resulting in fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), the primary constituent of biodiesel [72,79,102]. Transesterification requires a catalyst and an acyl acceptor (Fig.…”

Section: Transesterificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These results are promising for developing greener transesterification pathways; DMC is neutral and odorless, non-corrosive, and non-toxic, inexpensive, and an effective solvent [111]. Further advances in non-catalytic transesterification were made by Mani Rathnam et al [102]; comparing supercritical ethanol and ethyl acetate for the transesterification of dry microalgal biomass. They reported conversion rates of >60% for supercritical ethyl acetate, and a remarkable >95% for supercritical ethanol [102].…”

Section: Acyl Acceptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further advances in non-catalytic transesterification were made by Mani Rathnam et al [102]; comparing supercritical ethanol and ethyl acetate for the transesterification of dry microalgal biomass. They reported conversion rates of >60% for supercritical ethyl acetate, and a remarkable >95% for supercritical ethanol [102]. Nanomaterials are also gaining ground for transesterification catalysis, especially in terms of cost efficiency; nanocatalysts are reusable.…”

Section: Acyl Acceptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Emergent green technologies for cost-effective valorization of microalgal biomass to renewable fuel products under a biorefinery scheme

Wicker

Kumar

Khan

et al. 2021

Chemical Engineering Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…By using above resources, this biodiesel consisting of fatty acid alkyl ester is generally produced by transesteri cation reaction. There are number of techniques to perform this reaction including supercritical process, common batch process, ultrasonic technique and microwave method (Rathnam et al (2020); Hakim et al (2019); Sharma et al (2019)).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transesterification Reaction from Rice Bran Oil to Biodiesel over Heterogeneous Base Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles Catalyst

Sulaiman

Yacob

Lee³

2020

sci. technol. indones.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This research focused on the use of heterogeneous base catalyst, calcium oxide (CaO), an alkaline earth metal oxide to produce biodiesel. The aim of this research is to investigate the potential of commercial calcium carbonate, CM-CaCO3 to be transformed to nanostructured CaO and further used as a heterogeneous base catalyst for single step transesterification of rice bran oil to biodiesel. The CaO samples were calcined at temperatures of 100°C to 700°C under vacuum at 10-3 mbar. TGA-DTA result displayed that the calcination temperature for CM-CaCO3 to form CaO must be higher than 600°C. This was supported by FTIR results which indicated the complete formation of CaO at 700°C. XRD showed the rhombohedral CaCO3 and hexagonal Ca(OH)2 were totally disappeared, leaving only crystalline cubic CaO at 700oC. Interestingly, CaO obtained at 700°C (CaO-700) showed the larger BET surface area and highest basicity with 11.5 m2g-1 and 1.959 mmol/g, respectively. The prepared nanostructured CaO-700 was selected and applied for single step transesterification reaction of rice bran oil to produce biodiesel. NMR and GC-FID results further confirmed that biodiesel was successfully formed using CaO-700 as catalyst.

show abstract

Non-catalytic transesterification of dry microalgae to fatty acid ethyl esters using supercritical ethanol and ethyl acetate

Cited by 21 publications

References 48 publications

Biodiesel Production Using Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Enzyme Catalysts via Transesterification and Esterification Reactions: a Critical Review

Biodiesel Production Using Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Enzyme Catalysts via Transesterification and Esterification Reactions: a Critical Review

Emergent green technologies for cost-effective valorization of microalgal biomass to renewable fuel products under a biorefinery scheme

Transesterification Reaction from Rice Bran Oil to Biodiesel over Heterogeneous Base Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles Catalyst

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About