“…However, multiple clinical trials of traditional preventive therapies for cardiovascular disease, including statins, have failed when applied to AS, 32,56 and no medically efficacious treatments remain. Robust prior genetic and experimental studies in CAVD, as described in this scientific statement, have generated numerous molecular targets and pathways (Table 1), [1][2][3]6,13,21,23,26,35,38,[42][43][44][45][46]52,[56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][67][68][69][70] which may, we hope, provide an opportunity for targeted drug development (reviewed in depth elsewhere 9,96 ). A handful of ongoing trials of medical therapy are targeting the progression of AS (Table 2).…”