Non-Blind Structure-Preserving Substitution Watermarking of H.264/CAVLC Inter-Frames

Stütz, Thomas; Autrusseau, Florent; Uhl, Andreas

doi:10.1109/tmm.2014.2310595

Cited by 49 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…In literature, many data hiding schemes (both steganographic and watermarking) have been proposed for H.264/AVC [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Recently, after the final standardisation of H.265/HEVC, many data hiding methods [2,[11][12][13] have been proposed for this new standard.…”

Section: Related Work and Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Firstly, many data hiding methods have been developed for the H.264/AVC and earlier video compression standards. The literature of methods developed for H.264/AVC is very rich [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. However, most of these existing methods cannot be applied to H.265/HEVC due to many changes in coding structure and prediction algorithms, which are briefly discussed in Section 3.1.…”

Section: Related Work and Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Robust and High Capacity Data Hiding Method for H.265/HEVC Compressed Videos with Block Roughness Measure and Error Correcting Techniques

Biswas

2019

Symmetry

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Recently, the H.265/HEVC video coding has been standardised by the ITU-T VCEG and the ISO/IEC MPEG. The improvements in H.265/HEVC video coding structure (CTU, motion compensation, inter- and intra-prediction, etc.) open up new possibilities to realise better data hiding algorithms in terms of capacity and robustness. In this paper, we propose a new data hiding method for HEVC videos. The proposed method embeds data in 4 × 4 and some selected larger transform units. As theory of Human Visual System suggests that human vision is less sensitive to change in uneven areas, relatively coarser blocks among the 8 × 8 and 16 × 16 blocks are selected as embedding destinations based on the proposed Jensen-Shannon Divergence and Second Moment (JSD-SM) block coarseness measure. In addition, the SME(1,3,7) embedding technique is able to embed three bits of message by modifying only one coefficient and therefore exhibits superior distortion performance. Furthermore, to achieve better robustness against re-compression attacks, BCH and Turbo error correcting codes have been used. Comparative studies of BCH and Turbo codes show the effectiveness of Turbo codes. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves greater payload capacity and robustness than many existing state-of-the-art techniques without compromising on the visual quality.

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Section: Related Work and Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Related Work and Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Robust and High Capacity Data Hiding Method for H.265/HEVC Compressed Videos with Block Roughness Measure and Error Correcting Techniques

Biswas

2019

Symmetry

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“…[20][21][22] In the 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 14 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 15 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 16 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 17 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 encrypted CABAC coded H.264/AVC stream, data embedding is accomplished by substituting eligible bin-strings of abs_level in Table 1. [20][21][22] In the 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 14 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 15 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 16 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 17 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 encrypted CABAC coded H.264/AVC stream, data embedding is accomplished by substituting eligible bin-strings of abs_level in Table 1.…”

Section: Data Embedding In the Encrypted Domainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Context adaptive binary arithmetic coding-based data hiding in partially encrypted H.264/AVC videos

Wang

2015

J. Electron. Imaging

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A scheme of data hiding directly in a partially encrypted version of H.264/AVC videos is proposed which includes three parts, i.e., selective encryption, data embedding and data extraction. Selective encryption is performed on context adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC) bin-strings via stream ciphers. By careful selection of CABAC entropy coder syntax elements for selective encryption, the encrypted bitstream is format-compliant and has exactly the same bit rate. Then a data-hider embeds the additional data into partially encrypted H.264/AVC videos using a CABAC bin-string substitution technique without accessing the plaintext of the video content. Since bin-string substitution is carried out on those residual coefficients with approximately the same magnitude, the quality of the decrypted video is satisfactory. Video file size is strictly preserved even after data embedding. In order to adapt to different application scenarios, data extraction can be done either in the encrypted domain or in the decrypted domain. Experimental results have demonstrated the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed scheme. Xu and Wang: Context adaptive binary arithmetic coding-based data hiding in partially encrypted H.264/AVC videos Downloaded From: http://electronicimaging.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 07/01/2015 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms Fig. 2 Diagram of data extraction in encrypted or decrypted domain. Xu and Wang: Context adaptive binary arithmetic coding-based data hiding in partially encrypted H.264/AVC videos Downloaded From: http://electronicimaging.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 07/01/2015 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms Journal of Electronic Imaging 033028-7 May∕Jun 2015 • Vol. 24(3) Xu and Wang: Context adaptive binary arithmetic coding-based data hiding in partially encrypted H.264/AVC videos Downloaded From: http://electronicimaging.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 07/01/2015 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms Journal of Electronic Imaging 033028-8 May∕Jun 2015 • Vol. 24(3) Xu and Wang: Context adaptive binary arithmetic coding-based data hiding in partially encrypted H.264/AVC videos Downloaded From: http://electronicimaging.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 07/01/2015 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms Journal of Electronic Imaging 033028-9 May∕Jun 2015 • Vol. 24(3) Xu and Wang: Context adaptive binary arithmetic coding-based data hiding in partially encrypted H.264/AVC videos Downloaded From: http://electronicimaging.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 07/01/2015 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms Journal of Electronic Imaging 033028-12 May∕Jun 2015 • Vol. 24(3) Xu and Wang: Context adaptive binary arithmetic coding-based data hiding in partially encrypted H.264/AVC videos Downloaded From: http://electronicimaging.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 07/01/2015 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms Journal of Electronic Imaging 033028-13 May∕Jun 2015 • Vol. 24(3) Xu and Wang: Context adaptive binary arithmetic coding-based data hiding in partially encrypted H.264/AVC videos Downloaded From: http://electronicimaging.sp...

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“…Many researchers [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] have worked on video copyright and ownership protection based on watermarking for decades. However, most of them do not meet all the requirements of data capacity, this problem, we consider the watermarking system and video codecs as a biological environment such as a virus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Viral Infection Watermarking Architecture of MPEG/H.264/AVC/HEVC

Jang¹,

Lee

et al. 2019

Electronics

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This paper addresses the viral infectious watermarking (VIW) model using biological virus infection for a new-paradigm of video copyright protection of MPEG/H.264/AVC/HEVC. Our model aims to spread or infect the watermark to different codecs each time video contents are copied, edited, or transcoded. Thus, we regard the watermark as the infectious virus, the video content as the host, and the video codec as the contagion medium and then model pathogen, mutant, and contagion as the infectious watermark. Then, we define the techniques of viral infectious watermark generation, kernel-based VIW, and content-based VIW. Furthermore, we present a reversible VIW for fast infection in VIW model. This makes the video quality and strength be adaptively controlled in the infectious process. Experiment results verified that our VIW model can detect or recover the reversible watermark without loss in different codecs and also can maintain the quality of video content that is recovered to the same bit rate. 2 of 20 reliability, and video quality. Early stage works [1-6] focused on the compressed DCT domain of MPEG-2/-4, H.264 codec or the uncompressed DWT domain, considering the robustness in the face of geometric and temporal attacks. Hartung et al. [1] presented an additive spread-spectrum watermarking technique for MPEG-2 compressed video stream that embeds the watermark in the entropy coded DCT coefficients. Swanson et al. presented an object-based transparent watermarking technique [2] and also a temporal wavelet transform-based multi-resolution watermarking technique [3]. Serdean et al. [4] presented DWT-based high capacity video watermarking invariant to geometrical attacks that uses a spatial domain reference watermark. Wang et al. [5] presented a set of robust MPEG-2 video watermarking focused on geometric processing such as cropping, removal of any rows, downscaling, frame dropping, and bit-rate reduction. Zhang et al. [6] embedded the modified 2D 8-bit watermark pattern in the compressed domain to accommodate the computational constraints of H.264/AVC. Recent stage works [7-14] have considered different codecs and the robustness to combination of commonly used attacks with the development of codecs. Asikuzzaman et al. [7] embedded the watermark into one level of the dual-tree complex wavelet transform (DT DWT) of the chrominance channel and extracted the watermark depending on the resolution of the downscaled version of the watermarked frame and the information of that frame without using the key. Fallahpour et al. [8] generated the watermark signals by the macroblock's and frame's indices and embedded them into the nonzero quantized DCT values of blocks, mostly the last nonzero values, enabling detection of spatial, temporal, and spatiotemporal tampering. Stutz et al. [9] presented a non-blind watermarking for H.264/CAVLC structure-preserving substitution with high capacity without changing the length of video stream. Khalilian et al. [10] embedded the watermark in the LL sub-band of DWT coefficients that offers the...

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Non-Blind Structure-Preserving Substitution Watermarking of H.264/CAVLC Inter-Frames

Cited by 49 publications

References 23 publications

A Robust and High Capacity Data Hiding Method for H.265/HEVC Compressed Videos with Block Roughness Measure and Error Correcting Techniques

A Robust and High Capacity Data Hiding Method for H.265/HEVC Compressed Videos with Block Roughness Measure and Error Correcting Techniques

Context adaptive binary arithmetic coding-based data hiding in partially encrypted H.264/AVC videos

Biological Viral Infection Watermarking Architecture of MPEG/H.264/AVC/HEVC

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