Nomographic Charts for the Calculation of the Metabolic Rate by the Gasometer Method

Boothby, Walter M.; Sandiford, Raymond B.

doi:10.1056/nejm192109221851201

Cited by 74 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…In a 1977 case report, Perrone et al (5) described pulmonary function and chest radiographic results for four Italian silver polishers with long-term (25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30) years) exposure to silver particles and dusts from abrasive pastes (composition unknown) and fabric and vegetable fibers. Increased bronchovascular markings, reduced lung capacity (restrictive syndrome), and diminished carbon monoxide transfer were noted in two employees, both of whom were smokers (approximately 20 cigarettes per day).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Absence of toxic effects in silver reclamation workers.

Pifer¹,

Friedlander²,

Kintz³

et al. 1989

Scand J Work Environ Health

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KINTZ RT, STOCKDALE DK. Absenceof toxic effects in silverreclamation workers. Scand J Work Environ Health 1989;15:210-221. Recent reports have alleged that silver presents a toxic hazard to exposed workers. To define the potential risks of long-term exposure to silver better, a cross-sectional investigation was conducted of 27 Caucasian males occupationally exposed to primarily insoluble silvercompounds and 27 matched referents. Physicalexamination and electron microscopy of skin biopsies revealed no cases of generalized argyria. Measurements of facial discoloration judged from color photographs by panels of laymen and physicians, showed no significant difference between the two groups. Although 29 % of the silver workers and none of the referents exhibited ocular silver deposition, optometric and contrast sensitivitytest results revealed no significant deficits in visual performance. The kidney and respiratory findings were essentially normal in both populations. Despite the increased presence of silver in the blood, feces, and hair of the recovery workers versus the referents, there was no evidence that chronic silver exposure adversely affected the health of these employees.Key terms: argyria, argyrosis, biological monitoring, clinical study, contrast sensitivity, epidemiologic study, insoluble silver compound, occupational silver exposure.From an occupational health standpoint, interest in the dermatologic effects of silver (argyria) has lessened considerably during the past few decades as changes in manufacturing processes and improved industrial hygiene practices have significantly reduced workplace exposures . Toxicologic evidence has generally supported the clinical observation that chronic exposure to metallic silver and its soluble salts (and pre sumably insoluble compounds) does not appear to represent a serious health risk to man. However, health data from clinical studies in the United States (1-3), and case histories reported in the European literature during the past 15 years (4-15) have suggested the need to reevaluate the human toxicologic effects of silver for such target organs as the skin, eyes, lungs, and kidneys. In addition, it is important to define more precisely the potential risks of long-term exposure to insoluble forms of silver, which have been incompletely studied and for which there is no workplace standard in the United States (US). This paper describes air sampling results and clinical and epidemiologic findings for a group of silver reclamation employees and their matched referents at a large photographic manufacturing facility . Specific study objectives included investigations of (i) 210ver deposition), (iii) visual contrast sensitivity, (iv) respiratory symptoms and diseases (pulmonary function and chest radiographs) , and (v) renal function (clinical laboratory studies). To augment the determinations of the airborne silver levels, biological monitoring was also performed. Subjects and methods Silver recovery operations and air sampling dataThe silver recovery department of...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The creatinine clearance values were corrected for lean body mass with the use of a body surface area nomogram (26). Regression analysis techniques were used to assess the relationship with estimated career silver exposure .…”

Section: Clinical Laboratory Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Absence of toxic effects in silver reclamation workers.

Pifer¹,

Friedlander²,

Kintz³

et al. 1989

Scand J Work Environ Health

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“…Nomograms can solve complex mathematical problems [22], sometimes beautifully, and the computer tools available make it easy and pleasing to generate them. In the field of medicine, nomograms have been used to calculate physiological parameters [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], assess clinical risk [28], [29] and, more recently, for time-critical calculation of drug doses and fluid resuscitation regimes [30], [31], [32]. Figure 5 shows an original nomogram that can be used to work out the fluorouracil dose calculation in this article.…”

Section: E Dose Calculation Using a Nomogrammentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Nomograms to Reduce Harm from Clinical Calculations

Thimbleby

Williams

2013

2013 IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics

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Abstract-Handheld calculators and computer spreadsheets are ubiquitous and taken for granted. However in hospitals, errors in routine calculations frequently occur -for instance after making an unnoticed typing slip, such as omitting a decimal point in a drug dose calculation -and can result in patient harm. This paper is concerned with dependable calculation, and examines user tasks and technologies for safer calculations in the clinical environment. We demonstrate significant differences in complexity, speed and accuracy between alternative methods of performing calculations.The recent raised awareness of latent coding errors in applications designed to perfom medical dosage calculations has resulted in the introduction of national regulations that require all medical apps to meet similar standards of safety and reliability as other items of medical equipment. This paper provides evidence that general purpose calculators are also unnecessarily hazardous in the clinical environment, and should be subject to similar regulation. This paper contributes to the current debate about the use of computer systems to improve healthcare, and argues that "the latest IT" does not automatically confer benefit: its effectiveness should be empirically evaluated like any other medical intervention.The combination of simple reliable low technology graphical calculation aids and high technology computers with touch screen interfaces offers potential for improvement in patient safety; however further development and stringent evaluation are required before deployment in safety critical environments.

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“…Catheterization was performed to evaluate chest pain of uncertain etiology in 27, some sequelae of coronary artery disease in 57, valvular stenosis in 13, cardiomyopathy in 10, and pericardial disease in 1. In each patient, height and weight were measured prior to catheterization, and body surface area was determined from the nomogram of Boothby and Sandiford (1921) based on the formula of DuBois and DuBois (1916). At the time of catheterization, all patients were in the postabsorptive state.…”

Section: Criteria For Exclusion and Inclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxygen consumption in adult patients during cardiac catheterization

Dehmer

Firth

Hillis

1982

Clinical Cardiology

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Summary:The determination of cardiac output by the Fick principle requires the quantitation of the arteriovenous oxygen (02) content difference across the pulmonary bed and the 0 2 consumption. Since a correct measurement of 0 2 consumption may be difficult, an assumed value is sometimes substituted into this equation. Despite this practice, there is no appropriate reference standard for 0 2 consumption applicable to the adult catheterization laboratory. Therefore, we determined 0 2 consumption in 108 patients (69 men and 39 women, mean age, 49 years) at the time of catheterization by multiplying the arteriovenous 0 2 content difference by the indicator dilution cardiac output, thereby eliminating errors related to the collection and analysis of a timed collection of expired air. 0 2 consumption index (02 consumption/m2 of body surface area) averaged 126f26 ml/min/m2 (meanfSD), but there was wide variability (65-250 ml/min/m2). 0 2 consumption was not affected by patient age or sex but was lower in those who were mildly sedated before catheterization (sedated, 121 f 2 2 ml/min/m2; nonsedated, 132f28 ml/min/m2; p = 0.023). Thus, 0 2 consumption varies greatly among adults at the time of cardiac catheterization, so that any attempt at estimating this variable is fraught with major potential error.

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Nomographic Charts for the Calculation of the Metabolic Rate by the Gasometer Method

Cited by 74 publications

References 0 publications

Absence of toxic effects in silver reclamation workers.

Absence of toxic effects in silver reclamation workers.

Using Nomograms to Reduce Harm from Clinical Calculations

Oxygen consumption in adult patients during cardiac catheterization

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