Nomograms for Predicting the Risk and Prognosis of Liver Metastases in Pancreatic Cancer: A Population-Based Analysis

Abstract

The liver is the most prevalent location of distant metastasis for pancreatic cancer (PC), which is highly aggressive. Pancreatic cancer with liver metastases (PCLM) patients have a poor prognosis. Furthermore, there is a lack of effective predictive tools for anticipating the diagnostic and prognostic techniques that are needed for the PCLM patients in current clinical work. Therefore, we aimed to construct two nomogram predictive models incorporating common clinical indicators to anticipate the risk factors and prognosis for PCLM patients. Clinicopathological information on pancreatic cancer that referred to patients who had been diagnosed between the years of 2004 and 2015 was extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses and a Cox regression analysis were utilized to recognize the independent risk variables and independent predictive factors for the PCLM patients, respectively. Using the independent risk as well as prognostic factors derived from the multivariate regression analysis, we constructed two novel nomogram models for predicting the risk and prognosis of PCLM patients. The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the consistency index (C-index), and the calibration curve were then utilized to establish the accuracy of the nomograms’ predictions and their discriminability between groups. Using a decision curve analysis (DCA), the clinical values of the two predictors were examined. Finally, we utilized Kaplan–Meier curves to examine the effects of different factors on the prognostic overall survival (OS). As many as 1898 PCLM patients were screened. The patient’s sex, primary site, histopathological type, grade, T stage, N stage, bone metastases, lung metastases, tumor size, surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy were all found to be independent risks variables for PCLM in a multivariate logistic regression analysis. Using a multivariate Cox regression analysis, we discovered that age, histopathological type, grade, bone metastasis, lung metastasis, tumor size, and surgery were all independent prognostic variables for PCLM. According to these factors, two nomogram models were developed to anticipate the prognostic OS as well as the risk variables for the progression of PCLM in PCLM patients, and a web-based version of the prediction model was constructed. The diagnostic nomogram model had a C-index of 0.884 (95% CI: 0.876–0.892); the prognostic model had a C-index of 0.686 (95% CI: 0.648–0.722) in the training cohort and a C-index of 0.705 (95% CI: 0.647–0.758) in the validation cohort. Subsequent AUC, calibration curve, and DCA analyses revealed that the risk and predictive model of PCLM had high accuracy as well as efficacy for clinical application. The nomograms constructed can effectively predict risk and prognosis factors in PCLM patients, which facilitates personalized clinical decision-making for patients.

Therapeutic Approaches in Pancreatic Cancer: Recent Updates

“…Commonly known pancreatic tumors are pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), accounting of nearly 90% of pancreatic-based cancers [ 24 , 25 ]. In some cases, patients may also develop secondary tumors in the liver or lungs due to the disease spreading throughout the body [ 26 ]. In general, treatment options for pancreatic cancer are usually limited and ineffective.…”