Nominated Lecture: Special Requirements for the Design of Nuclear Power Stations to Withstand Earthquakes

Muto, Kiyoshi; Bailey, Robert W.; Mitchell, Kellen

doi:10.1243/pime_proc_1963_177_018_02

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The natural auxetic material can be found in α-cristobalite [16], biological tissues (skin) [17] and pyrolytic graphite [18]. Man-made material structures with similar behaviour were first used in practical application as moderator core of a Magnox nuclear reactor [19], where auxetic behaviour occurs due to radial movement of the free-standing columns of graphite bricks via sliding of the loose keys. The structure was designed to withstand horizontal forces generated during earthquake, whilst also allowing free movement of the structure to accommodate thermal movements between the graphite core and steel supporting structures at the edges of the core.…”

Section: Auxetic Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Auxetic Cellular Materials - a Review

Novak

Vesenjak

2016

SV-JME

212

114

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Auxetic cellular materials are modern materials which have some unique and superior mechanical properties. As a consequence of the structural deformation of their internal cellular structure they exhibit a negative Poisson's ratio, i.e. they significantly increase in volume when stretched and vice versa. The effect of negative Poisson's ratio is useful in many applications to enhance certain physical properties such as the density, stiffness, fracture toughness, energy absorption and damping. These properties can be further tailored by using variable cell geometry and density distribution, which can be achieved with functionally graded porosity of auxetic materials. This review paper provides the state-of-the-art overview of the auxetic materials, their development, most common geometries, fabrication methods, mechanical properties, applications and further possibilities for their development.

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Section: Auxetic Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Auxetic Cellular Materials - a Review

Novak

Vesenjak

2016

SV-JME

212

114

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“…Before leaving this description of tables actuated by a pendulum and springs, it is noted that in Japan, c.1958, the pendulum was replaced by a mechanism that pre-loaded a set of springs, subsequently releasing them to produce a damped vibration ( Figure 10). It was used to study the dynamic behaviour of the graphite core of the Tokai-Mura nuclear power station, the first such facility to be built in Japan, using the U.K. Calder Hall station as its prototype [14]. above by piano wires and prevented from rotation by an array of wires attached to the floor [1,2].…”

Section: Excitation Using Springs and Pendulumsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The development of shaking tables–A historical note

Severn

2011

Earthq Engng Struct Dyn

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The earliest known shaking table, driven by hand-power, was constructed in Japan at the end of the 19th century. At the beginning of the 20th century developments had moved to the Stanford University in the U.S. with the introduction of an electric motor to produce a more refined oscillatory motion in one direction, the response of the testpiece being recorded mechanically by pens on a rotating drum. Major earthquakes in the 1920s prompted renewed interest at Stanford resulting in a uni-directional table moving on rails, activated either by a pendulum striking at one end-the other being resisted by springs-or by a wheel with an eccentric-mass attached to the table. A valuable feature here was that the size of the eccentric mass could be varied as the harmonic motion continued, thereby providing a method of control. In the 1950s, a similar pendulum input was used on a table constructed at the University of California, but instead of rails, it was supported by a group of vertical bars flexible in one direction only, and the 1939-1945 war had resulted in the availability of electrical devices for measuring response. Also, in Italy at this time the use of pendulums was augmented by contra-rotating mass input devices giving better frequency control; arrays of several electrodynamic exciters were also used. In Japan, motion was induced by the release of compressed springs.The idea of producing input by an oil-filled piston was introduced at MIT after the 1933 Long Beach earthquake to a table suspended from above by wires. Two other innovations here were of the greatest significance. First was an analogue device for using an actual earthquake record as input, and the second was control of the motion by an error-driven electrically controlled feedback loop. The development of these ideas into the shaking tables, which we use today, had to wait upon the general development of control engineering during the 1939-1945 war, followed by progressively greater speeds in digital computation. This history ends (c.1985) after the continuation of these advances made possible full 6-DOF control using many oil-filled actuators, but before they became able to give us real-time control with the attendant abilities of multi-support input and the experimental study of inelastic behaviour. Figure 15. A diagram indicating the essential features of the 20×20 ft UCB shaking table.the central rib, and were positioned such that any yawing motion of the table could be resisted by the control system. The four vertical actuators, each of 25 kips, were attached to the table at the locations shown in Figure 15 by means of prestressing rods in 2 in diameter pipes running vertically through the table on a 3 ft square grid. The pipes also served as attachment points for the structure being tested. The actuators had a swivel joint at each end, of such a length that they made a significant contribution to de-coupling the vertical and the horizontal motions of the table, with further de-coupling provided by the electronic control system.Although these ve...

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“…At UNAM, Luis Esteva and Emilio Rosenblueth (where Cornell had been a visiting professor) were working on similar lines, Kawasumi had produced national maps 17 years earlier, and Housner had been there, in a 1952 paper. In fact, Cornell in the first sentence of the paper cites Blume, 1965;Newmark, 1967;Blume, Newmark and Cornell 1961;Muto, Bailey and Mitchell, 1963;and Gzovsky, 1962. But the Cornell paper nailed it.…”

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confidence: 99%

A Brief History of Seismic Risk Assessment

Scawthorn

Risk, Governance and Society

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Nominated Lecture: Special Requirements for the Design of Nuclear Power Stations to Withstand Earthquakes

Cited by 8 publications

References 3 publications

Auxetic Cellular Materials - a Review

Auxetic Cellular Materials - a Review

The development of shaking tables–A historical note

A Brief History of Seismic Risk Assessment

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