Nomenclature and harmonised criteria for the self-employment categorisation. An approach pursuant to a systematic review of the literature

Skrzek-Lubasińska, Małgorzata; Szaban, Jolanta

doi:10.1016/j.emj.2018.11.001

Cited by 28 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…This study proposes that the working conditions of dependent self-employed are more precarious than those of non-dependent self-employed and wage earners, and that subsequently, the levels of work engagement of dependent self-employed are also comparatively lower. Since previous studies generally address this question in a partial or fragmented manner, identifying some isolated working conditions that are undoubtedly of interest but do not provide a comprehensive approach to decent work and its relation with work engagement, the adoption of a holistic approach covers an important research gap (e.g., [25][26][27][28]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decent Work as Determinant of Work Engagement on Dependent Self-Employed

2019

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This article analyzes with a holistic and systematic approach the state of working conditions in self-dependent workers, as well as their effects on workers’ work engagement. For this, a distinction was made between the self-employed, non-dependent self-employed, and wage earners. The sample integrated 42,963 workers who were surveyed, of which 0.03% were dependent self-employed, 13.73% were non-dependent self-employed, and 82.32% were wage earners. The results have broadly confirmed the research purposes and they established that ensuring work engagement is the key to sustainability, growth, and success for workers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decent Work as Determinant of Work Engagement on Dependent Self-Employed

2019

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“…For some, a self-employed person is an entrepreneur, and a country's level of entrepreneurship can be estimated on the basis of the percentage of self-employed in its economy. Others, however, claim this approach is erroneous (Szaban and Skrzek-Lubasińska, 2019;Skrzek-Lubasińska and Gródek-Szostak, 2019).…”

Section: Overview Of Literature and Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Self-Employment Rate Index as a Measure of Economic Trends: Impact of Heterogeneity of the Self-Employed on the Quality of Indicators

Skrzek-Lubasińska¹,

Gródek-Szostak²

2020

ERSJ

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In this paper, the hypothesis was tested that the selfemployed are not a cohesive group. That is why labour market monitoring structure based on indicators related to "self-employment rate" is not sufficient to observe the trends in changes occurring in the contemporary labour market. Correlations between the business climate and labour market indicators and the various self-employed subgroups tend to be not similar. The group of self-employed is diverse and includes different areas and forms of work, which demonstrate varied tendencies and should be considered separately. Moreover, it includes groups that can now be formally separated, for example individual farmers, traditional and hybrid self-employed, employers. Findings: Our analysis clearly shows that the commonly used indicator "number of selfemployed" or "self-employment rate" is inadequate for analysing trends in the labour market as it doesn't showcase the complexity of problems related to changes in this market. This indicator should not be the basis for assessing economic trends, including those in the labour market. It is also insufficient for concluding about the very nature of labour and for monitoring Economy 4.0. Practical Implications: It is necessary to discuss the new classification of people who are active in the labour market. New indicators should be developed, to demonstrate changes in the labour market more accurately.

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“…One of the highlights of this paper is that it measures self-employment with labor allocation, but there is no one universal and broadly-approved definition of self-employment [29]. Though there are distinct divergences among definitions of different organizations and researchers, employers and self-employed individuals without employees are generally included in the self-employed category.…”

Section: Self-employmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In China, self-employment was defined from perspectives of occupational classification [30], capital requirement [31], employment status [32], etc. In this paper, we identified self-employed workers according to occupational classification, incorporating private business owners, shopkeepers, vendors, freelancers (also called independent professionals [29], such as writers, craftsmen, etc.) and self-employed drivers, builders, decorators, plumbers, electricians, and carpenters.…”

Section: Self-employmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classifying Livelihood Strategies Adopting the Activity Choice Approach in Rural China

Sun

Cao

et al. 2019

Sustainability

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The classification of livelihood strategies is important for designing effective and targeted poverty-reducing strategies. This paper classified livelihood strategies adopting the activity choice approach and compared differences among income levels, asset endowments, poverty rates, and poverty causes of different household clusters to provide bases for the identification of targeted poverty-reducing strategies. By making the two-step cluster analysis, 2042 households were divided into four clusters. Agricultural households get a relatively low income because of the reliance on agricultural production and the lack of required assets to enter more remunerative livelihood strategies. Self-employment is the most remunerative livelihood strategy and high physical and financial capital accumulations are the premise of adopting a self-employed strategy. Featured with a medium-level income and asset endowments, wage-employed households benefit from a more-educated labor force and shoulder a heavy burden caused by children's education at the same time. Besides, rural households face a series of social issues from labor migration, especially self-employed and wage-employed households. Non-labor households have a low-level income and asset endowments with older family members and an unhealthier labor force caused mainly by the aging population and accompanying diseases and disabilities. The transfer income-oriented non-labor households are the main object of poverty alleviation.The sustainable livelihoods framework provides another alternative multidimensional perspective for development and poverty studies. In the framework, people make/undertake a range of choices/activities to achieve livelihood outcomes on the basis of asset endowments. Meanwhile, a battery of internal and external factors will exert important impacts on the system, including vulnerability context and transforming structures and processes [10]. Livelihood strategies denote the range and combination of activities converting possessed livelihood assets into expected livelihood outcomes. The classification of livelihood strategies is essential for revealing different livelihood patterns and designing targeted poverty-reducing interventions.Approaches of classifying livelihood strategies incorporate the asset-based approach, activity choice approach and income-based approach. The asset-based approach classifies livelihood strategies from the perspective of input according to asset allocation across different activities [11] or asset portfolios [12]. However, it is hard for the asset-based approach to capture nonproductive income-generating activities not involving asset inputs or difficult to measure asset inputs into them, such as investment, retirement, transfer payment, etc. The income-based approach classifies livelihood strategies from the perspective of output according to income from a certain source, for example, nonfarm income [13,14], forest income [15], cash transfer income [16], etc., or income from several sub-divided sources (income compositi...

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Nomenclature and harmonised criteria for the self-employment categorisation. An approach pursuant to a systematic review of the literature

Cited by 28 publications

References 49 publications

Decent Work as Determinant of Work Engagement on Dependent Self-Employed

Decent Work as Determinant of Work Engagement on Dependent Self-Employed

The Self-Employment Rate Index as a Measure of Economic Trends: Impact of Heterogeneity of the Self-Employed on the Quality of Indicators

Classifying Livelihood Strategies Adopting the Activity Choice Approach in Rural China

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