Nomads and settlers in the research-technology regime: The case of transmission electron microscopy

Abstract

This article presents historical evidence for the rise of a new type of research-technology community that deviates in several respects from the social and epistemic configurations of work that Terry Shinn described in his seminal writings on the origins of the research-technology regime. The more recent type of settlers is distinguished from a nomadic type, prevalent in Shinn’s work. It is argued that, despite many configurational differences, both types constitute functional equivalents for producing and disseminating generic instrumentation. An important difference, however, is the prolonged life expectancy of settler communities, resulting in long-term upgrading cycles. On the basis of a case study on transmission electron microscopy in Germany, the article investigates social and epistemic conditions facilitating the emergence and permanent institutionalization of a settler community. It seems that material resistances, hindering nomadic research practices, as well as support from scientific/industrial elites have great impact on the formation of settler communities.

How scientific research instruments change: A century of Nobel Prize physics instrumentation

“…Michelson’s 1907 Nobel Prize for the interferometer; the Zernike phase contrast microscope developed in the 1930s and awarded in 1953, and the Ruska electron microscope invented in the 1930s and given the prize in 1986 – cf. Eric Lettkemann, 2017). The autonomous type of instrument has occurred since, namely with the Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) invented in 1981 and awarded the Nobel Prize in 1986 (see Appendix 2).…”