“…A broad variety of study designs were used to evaluate the academic benefits of wearing NC headphones: five single case studies (Ikuta et al, 2016;O'Reilly et al, 2000;Pfeiffer, Stein Duker et al, 2019;Rowe et al, 2011;Smith, 2010), two randomized within-subject designs (Kollins, 2020;Smith & Riccomini, 2013), two interview studies (Pfeiffer, Erb et al, 2019;Smith & Classen, 2018), one interview/classroom observation study (Smith et al, 2018), one case study (Hooker, 1985), one pre-post-design study with no control group (McConnico et al, 2016), and one randomized controlled trial (Sumter, 1969).…”