Noise Provides Some New Signals About the Spatial Vision of Amblyopes

Levi, Dennis M.; Klein, Stanley A.

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-07-02522.2003

Cited by 81 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Temporal tuning and temporal resolution of cortical neurons driven by the amblyopic eye in V1 were also not different from those properties of neurons driven by the fellow eye, reinforcing the view that the inputs to downstream visual mechanisms in amblyopes are largely normal except for their reduced spatial scale. We and others have proposed that the amblyopic visual system has higher levels of internal noise, which would limit the effectiveness of second-stage pooling mechanisms~Wang et al, 1998; Kiorpes et al, 1999;Sharma et al, 2000;Levi & Klein, 2003;Pelli et al, 2004;Simmers et al, 2003Simmers et al, , 2005!. The reduced integration time that we observed in amblyopes might represent the visual system's way to minimize the impact of this increased noise.…”

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confidence: 58%

Sensitivity to visual motion in amblyopic macaque monkeys

2006

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Amblyopia is usually considered to be a deficit in spatial vision. But there is evidence that amblyopes may also suffer specific deficits in motion sensitivity as opposed to losses that can be explained by the known deficits in spatial vision. We measured sensitivity to visual motion in random dot displays for strabismic and anisometropic amblyopic monkeys. We used a wide range of spatial and temporal offsets and compared the performance of the fellow and amblyopic eye for each monkey. The amblyopes were severely impaired at detecting motion at fine spatial and long temporal offsets, corresponding to fine spatial scale and slow speeds. This impairment was also evident for the untreated fellow eyes of strabismic but not anisometropic amblyopes. Motion sensitivity functions for amblyopic eyes were shifted toward large spatial scales for amblyopic compared to fellow eyes, to a degree that was correlated with the shift in scale of the spatial contrast sensitivity function. Amblyopic losses in motion sensitivity, however, were not correlated with losses in spatial contrast sensitivity. This, combined with the specific impairment for detecting long temporal offsets, reveals a deficit in spatiotemporal integration in amblyopia which cannot be explained by the lower spatial resolution of amblyopic vision.

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Sensitivity to visual motion in amblyopic macaque monkeys

2006

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“…We used classification image analysis (Ahumada and Lovell, 1971;Gold et al, 2000;Eckstein and Ahumada, 2002;Neri and Heeger, 2002;Levi and Klein, 2003;Rajashekar et al, 2006), which allowed us to measure and compare the behaviorally defined, spatial receptive fields of the visual mechanisms responsible for saccadic and perceptual decisions. With this method, the entire brain is viewed as a single system in which input is the stimulus and output is either the saccadic or perceptual decision.…”

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Similar Neural Representations of the Target for Saccades and Perception during Search

Eckstein¹,

Beutter²,

Pham³

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

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Are the body's actions and the mind's perceptions the result of shared neural processing, or are they performed largely independently? The brain has two major processing streams, and some have proposed that this division segregates visual processing for action and perception. The ventral pathway is claimed to support conscious experience (perception), whereas the dorsal pathway is claimed to support the control of movement (action). Others have argued that perception and action share much of their visual processing within the primate cortex. During visual search, the brain performs a sophisticated deployment of eye movements (saccadic actions) to gather information to subserve perceptual judgments. The relationship between the neural mechanisms mediating perception and action in visual search remains unexplored. Here, we investigate the visual representation of target information in the human brain, both for perceptual decisions and for saccadic actions during visual search. We use classification image analysis, a form of reverse correlation, to estimate the behavioral receptive fields of the visual mechanisms responsible for saccadic and perceptual responses during the same visual search task. Results show that the behavioral receptive fields mediating the perceptual decisions are indistinguishable from those driving the oculomotor decisions, suggesting that similar neural mechanisms are responsible for both perception and oculomotor action during search. Diverging target representations would result in an inefficient coupling between eye movement planning and perceptual judgments. Thus, a common target representation would be more optimal and might be expected to have evolved through natural selection in the neural systems responsible for visual search.

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“…Together, these results suggest that action game play, unlike perceptual learning, which is usually specific to the learned task (13), may act to increase signal-to-noise ratio and facilitate improved distractor exclusion during perceptual processing (14), which is notable because such changes hold the potential to affect, for the better, a wide range of skills. Indeed, the importance of signal-to-noise ratio and distractor exclusion is highlighted by multiple reports that indicate that reductions in these abilities might underlie a range of broad deficits, such as those seen with amblyopia (15)(16)(17), low vision (18), aging (19,20), or dyslexia (21).…”

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Action video game play facilitates the development of better perceptual templates

Bejjanki

Zhang

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

166

141

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The field of perceptual learning has identified changes in perceptual templates as a powerful mechanism mediating the learning of statistical regularities in our environment. By measuring thresholdvs.-contrast curves using an orientation identification task under varying levels of external noise, the perceptual template model (PTM) allows one to disentangle various sources of signal-to-noise changes that can alter performance. We use the PTM approach to elucidate the mechanism that underlies the wide range of improvements noted after action video game play. We show that action video game players make use of improved perceptual templates compared with nonvideo game players, and we confirm a causal role for action video game play in inducing such improvements through a 50-h training study. Then, by adapting a recent neural model to this task, we demonstrate how such improved perceptual templates can arise from reweighting the connectivity between visual areas. Finally, we establish that action gamers do not enter the perceptual task with improved perceptual templates. Instead, although performance in action gamers is initially indistinguishable from that of nongamers, action gamers more rapidly learn the proper template as they experience the task. Taken together, our results establish for the first time to our knowledge the development of enhanced perceptual templates following action game play. Because such an improvement can facilitate the inference of the proper generative model for the task at hand, unlike perceptual learning that is quite specific, it thus elucidates a general learning mechanism that can account for the various behavioral benefits noted after action game play.action video games | perceptual templates | external noise method | learning | probabilistic inference P laying action video games substantially improves performance in a range of attentional, perceptual, and cognitive tasks. In the case of attention, playing action video games has been shown to result in a variety of enhancements, such as a faster visual search rate, a reduction in the size of the attentional blink, better change detection, and an increase in the number of items that can be simultaneously tracked (1-3). These changes in attentional control are also accompanied by enhanced performance in visual tasks such as crowding acuity (4), backward masking (5), and contrast sensitivity (6), as well as by improved performance in high-level cognitive tasks such as mental rotation (7) and multitasking (8, 9). Such benefits even seem to carry over to real-world domains, because pilots and laparoscopic surgeons have been shown to outperform their peers after fast-paced, action-packed video game training (10-12). Together, these results suggest that action game play, unlike perceptual learning, which is usually specific to the learned task (13), may act to increase signal-to-noise ratio and facilitate improved distractor exclusion during perceptual processing (14), which is notable because such changes hold the potential to affect, for ...

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Noise Provides Some New Signals About the Spatial Vision of Amblyopes

Cited by 81 publications

References 33 publications

Sensitivity to visual motion in amblyopic macaque monkeys

Sensitivity to visual motion in amblyopic macaque monkeys

Similar Neural Representations of the Target for Saccades and Perception during Search

Action video game play facilitates the development of better perceptual templates

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