“…The D-Wave quantum annealers have been evaluated for sampling a large number of different types of problems, typically focusing on combinatorial optimization problems or Hamiltonian dynamics (Boixo et al, 2013(Boixo et al, , 2014(Boixo et al, , 2016Lanting et al, 2014;Venturelli et al, 2015;Harris et al, 2018;King et al, 2021King et al, , 2022King et al, , 2023Tasseff et al, 2022). D-Wave quantum annealing devices offer on the scale of hundreds to thousands of qubits, but are still subject to connectivity constraints, control errors, and noise from the environment (Pearson et al, 2019;Lanting et al, 2020;Nelson et al, 2021;Zaborniak and de Sousa, 2021;Grant and Humble, 2022;Pelofske et al, 2023). To map a QUBO Q of Equation (1) directly on the hardware chip of a quantum annealer, its connectivity structure should be consistent with the connectivity structure of the quantum device.…”