Nodularins in poisoning

Cyanotoxins in inland lakes of the United States: Occurrence and potential recreational health risks in the EPA National Lakes Assessment 2007

“…They also possess the (2S,3S,8S,9S)-3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoic acid (ADDA) functional group common to the microcystin class of cyanotoxins (Chorus and Bartram, 1999;Chen et al, 2013). There are at least 12 known nodularins Carmichael, 1997;Mazur-Marzec et al, 2006;Chen et al, 2013) of which nodularin-R is the most common (Chen et al, 2013).…”

“…Mouse toxicology studies have reported LD 50 's via i.p. injection for nodularins ranging from 30 to >2000 mg nodularin/kg bw Chen et al, 2013).…”

Monitoring of freshwater toxins in European environmental waters by using novel multi‐detection methods

“…Once ingested, MCs are concentrated in hepatic tissues, where they bind to the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatases, triggering hepatotoxicity. The main mechanism of action for NODs also involves protein phosphates and can lead to high tumorogenic activity [11,12]. The NODs, mostly synthesized by the cyanobacteria Nodularia spumigena, are chemically similar to MCs because they are also cyclic pentapeptides (Adda-D-Glu-MeDhb-D-MeAsp-L-Arg); however, fewer than 10 analogs have been described to date.…”

“…The NODs, mostly synthesized by the cyanobacteria Nodularia spumigena, are chemically similar to MCs because they are also cyclic pentapeptides (Adda-D-Glu-MeDhb-D-MeAsp-L-Arg); however, fewer than 10 analogs have been described to date. The main mechanism of action for NODs also involves protein phosphates and can lead to high tumorogenic activity [11,12]. Different CYNs producing microorganisms have been identified, including Cylindrospermopsis, Aphanizomenon, Umezakia, Raphidiopsis, Anabaena, and Lygnbya [13].…”

Cyanobacterial (Blue-Green Algae) Toxins

“…They are similar to microcystins in structure and mechanism of toxicity and, for the purposes of this discussion, are considered equivalent to microcystins (Namikoshi et al, 1994;Chen et al, 2013). The frequency of microcystin-producing HABs appears to be increasing in most regions in association with the expansion of intensive agriculture, industrial development, and urbanization.…”