Nodes and Hubs: An Exploration of Yiguandao Temples as ‘Portals of Globalization’

Abstract

This paper takes a fresh look at the global spread of the Chinese–Taiwanese new religious movement Yiguandao (一貫道; the emic transcription is “I-Kuan Tao”) by directing attention to the concrete places where transnational connections and interactions actually transpire, i.e., temples, shrines, and other sites of worship. Emically known as “Buddha halls” (fotang 佛堂), these places range from large-scale temple complexes, to small niches of worship in people’s private residences. Yet, they all share the potential of becoming venues of transregional interactions through processes of migration, the circulation of personnel, and local outreach. I argued that we need to take the distinct character of these localities more seriously, in order to fully understand the global networks of Yiguandao groups. Through their specific embeddedness in both local affairs and transnational projects, these temples are not simply local chapters of the (mostly) Taiwanese headquarters, but instead they are “translocalities” or even “portals of globalization”—two concepts developed in migration and global studies to help understand the significance of place in the recent phase of so-called globalization. By exploring Yiguandao temples across the globe, this paper critically evaluated these approaches, and their usefulness for the study of global religions. Empirically, it drew on both print and online material, as well as ethnographic fieldwork conducted by the author in Taiwan, Vienna (Austria), California, South Africa, and Japan from 2016 to 2018.

Origin, development and evolution: the space construction and cultural motivations of Shi Gandang temple in Macau

“…This adaptive relationship between folk beliefs and the traditional social neighborhood network, as a spiritual attraction, promoted fairness and justice in the community, penetrated the daily life of the community and indirectly participated in the construction of social meaning at the level of consciousness. It led people from different regions, occupations and classes toward a common identity (Broy, 2022) born out of the interaction between Shi Gandang beliefs and the social relations in Macau.…”