Nociception and role of immune system in pain

Abstract

Both pain and inflammation are protective responses. However, these self-limiting conditions (with well-established negative feedback loops) become pathological if left uncontrolled. Both pain and inflammation can interact with each other in a multi-dimensional manner. These interactions are known to create an array of 'difficult to manage' pathologies. This review explains in detail the role of immune system and the related cells in peripheral sensitization and neurogenic inflammation. Various neuro-immune interactions are analyzed at peripheral, sensory and central nervous system levels. Innate immunity plays a critical role in central sensitization and in establishing acute pain as chronic condition. Moreover, inflammatory mediators also exhibit psychological effects, thus contributing towards the emotional elements associated with pain. However, there is also a considerable anti-inflammatory and analgesic role of immune system. This review also attempts to enlist various novel pharmacological approaches that exhibit their actions through modification of neuro-immune interface.

A Role for Bradykinin Signaling in Chronic Vulvar Pain

“…Pain, while a necessary response to prevent irreparable injury, can be a perplexing condition to resolve when it occurs chronically or without obvious provocation 71 . Pain can affect nearly any body site or it can be generalized; the effects of chronic pain are crippling, even when the pain is not associated with any life-threatening or physically debilitating condition 71 .…”

“…Pain can affect nearly any body site or it can be generalized; the effects of chronic pain are crippling, even when the pain is not associated with any life-threatening or physically debilitating condition 71 . While some chronic pain conditions (e.g.…”

“…Furthermore, we have demonstrated that fibroblast production of proinflammatory mediators can accurately predict the pain threshold measured at the site of fibroblast origin 23 . Therefore, like many other chronic pain conditions, LPV appears to have inflammatory origins 71 .…”

Interleukin-17A Acts to Maintain Neuropathic Pain Through Activation of CaMKII/CREB Signaling in Spinal Neurons

“…The innate immune response plays a critical role in central sensitization and in establishing acute pain [3], while the adaptive immune responses mediated by CD4 + T lymphocyte Cheng-ye Yao, Ze-lin Weng and Jian-cheng Zhang contributed equally to this work. infiltrated into the spinal cord are associated with the maintenance of neuropathic pain [4][5][6].…”

In-vivo evaluation of analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic activity of aqueous methanolic extract of Jatropha gossypifolia

“…The pain induction is caused by the release of certain endogenous substances e.g. bradykinin and also from the production of pain mediators like arachidonic acid via cyclo-oxygenase pathway and prostaglandin synthesis (Verma et al, 2015). Abdominal writhing usually involves certain pain receptors which are located in the peritoneum (Mbiantcha et al, 2011).…”