Noah’s arks in the XXI century. A typology of seed banks

Pellegrini, Pablo Ariel; Balatti, Galo Ezequiel

doi:10.1007/s10531-016-1201-z

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Genebanks conserve PGR under ex situ conditions, make them available for current use and keep them available for future use. As PGR diversity is the foundation of food security and climate resilience, genebanks play an important role in addressing the effects of climate change and other challenges to food security (Pellegrini and Balatti, 2016;Fu, 2017;Westengen et al, 2018). While genebanks previously catered above all to the demands of plant breeders, they have become more involved in long-term conservation and the distribution of PGR material to a wider range of users (Westengen et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genebank Operation in the Arena of Access and Benefit-Sharing Policies

Brink

Hintum

2020

Front. Plant Sci.

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Since the 1990s, the exchange of genetic resources has been increasingly regulated. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) and the Nagoya Protocol recognize that countries have sovereign rights over their genetic resources and provide a framework for domestic legislations on Access and Benefit-Sharing (ABS). However, within the rules of these international agreements, countries can follow their own interpretations and establish their own rules and regulations, resulting in restricted access to genetic resources and limited benefit-sharing, effects that are contrary to the objectives of these agreements. Although the ITPGRFA's Multilateral System of Access and Benefit-Sharing provides opportunities for easier access to plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA), plant genebanks face increasing complexity in their operation. Adding material to genebank collections has become more difficult, not only because collecting missions need to be negotiated with national and local authorities, but also because acquiring material from other collections is only possible if the origin of the material is properly documented and is done in compliance with regulations. Genebanks may only provide access to their own collections if the material that is to be released is distributed in compliance with a) the conditions under which the material was received and b) the national laws of the country where the genebank is located. The only way genebanks can deal with this new complexity, apart from ceasing to add or distribute material, is by setting up proper procedures to document the origin of every accession and the conditions for their use and further distribution. To prevent a further decrease in access to PGRFA, complexity must be fought. Applying the ITPGRFA's Standard Material Transfer Agreement (SMTA) only, even for material that does not fall under the ITPGRFA, would simplify matters. The scope of the ITPGRFA could be expanded to include all crops. Furthermore, certain ambiguities (e.g. regarding in situ material and wild species) could be resolved. Finally, compliance with the ITPGRFA should be improved and better monitored.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genebank Operation in the Arena of Access and Benefit-Sharing Policies

Brink

Hintum

2020

Front. Plant Sci.

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“…Those collections are valuable resources to meet the challenges possed by the growing human population and climatic change. A favorable trend has been witnessed during the last 40 years, with a remarkable progress in the assembly and conservation of plant genetic resources [ 1 – 3 ]. Also, the objectives of seed banks have been diversified, and their profiles can be classified as assistentialist, productivist and preservationist [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An informational view of accession rarity and allele specificity in germplasm banks for management and conservation

et al. 2018

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Germplasm banks are growing in their importance, number of accessions and amount of characterization data, with a large emphasis on molecular genetic markers. In this work, we offer an integrated view of accessions and marker data in an information theory framework. The basis of this development is the mutual information between accessions and allele frequencies for molecular marker loci, which can be decomposed in allele specificities, as well as in rarity and divergence of accessions. In this way, formulas are provided to calculate the specificity of the different marker alleles with reference to their distribution across accessions, accession rarity, defined as the weighted average of the specificity of its alleles, and divergence, defined by the Kullback-Leibler formula. Albeit being different measures, it is demonstrated that average rarity and divergence are equal for any collection. These parameters can contribute to the knowledge of the structure of a germplasm collection and to make decisions about the preservation of rare variants. The concepts herein developed served as the basis for a strategy for core subset selection called HCore, implemented in a publicly available R script. As a proof of concept, the mathematical view and tools developed in this research were applied to a large collection of Mexican wheat accessions, widely characterized by SNP markers. The most specific alleles were found to be private of a single accession, and the distribution of this parameter had its highest frequencies at low levels of specificity. Accession rarity and divergence had largely symmetrical distributions, and had a positive, albeit non-strictly linear relationship. Comparison of the HCore approach for core subset selection, with three state-of-the-art methods, showed it to be superior for average divergence and rarity, mean genetic distance and diversity. The proposed approach can be used for knowledge extraction and decision making in germplasm collections of diploid, inbred or outbred species.

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“…Esto conduciría al posterior surgimiento de bancos de semillas ya no con fines únicamente productivos sino también preservacionistas. De este modo, según una clasificación realizada en función de sus objetivos y funcionamiento, es posible distinguir tipos de bancos de semillas: asistencialistas, productivistas y preservacionistas (Pellegrini & Balatti, 2016). Las cuestiones vinculadas a la transferencia de material genético fueron las más ríspidas en el marco de las reuniones previas a la firma del convenio, y se manifiestan en el "tercer objetivo" del mismo, que aboga por la "participación justa y equitativa de los beneficios que se deriven de los recursos genéticos"…”

Section: Iniciativas Globales Sobre Uso Y Acceso a Recursos Genéticosunclassified

Los bancos de semillas: entre la preservación y la apropiación de recursos naturales. El acceso a los recursos fitogenéticos en la Argentina

Pellegrini

Balatti

2017

Desenvolv. Meio Ambiente

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Los bancos de semillas: entre la preservación y la apropiación de recursos naturales. El acceso a los recursos fitogenéticos en la Argentina RESUMEN:En las últimas décadas fueron cobrando gran relevancia para la agricultura y la alimentación, unas instituciones poco consideradas desde las ciencias sociales: los bancos de semillas. Se trata de instituciones clave en relación a la conservación y uso de recursos naturales. En este trabajo las analizaremos a partir de un abordaje cualitativo, que combina entrevistas en profundidad a referentes de bancos de semillas en la Argentina -país donde la agricultura resulta un sector fundamental de la economía-, con el análisis de normas y documentos relacionados. Presentaremos cómo se desarrollaron las principales normas y acuerdos internacionales sobre el tema, cómo impactaron en la Argentina y qué normas propias se han implementado respecto a la conservación de recursos fitogenéticos en el país, con el fin de analizar cómo se fue construyendo el marco normativo e institucional que regula el acceso a los recursos fitogenéticos en la Argentina.Palabras clave: biodiversidad; legislación ambiental; soberanía ambiental; FAO; ONU. RESUMO:Nas últimas décadas, os bancos de sementes ganharam uma importância crescente no domínio da agricultura e da alimentação. No entanto, apesar de serem instituições-chave relacionadas à utilização e à conservação de recursos naturais, não foram suficientemente analisadas pelas ciências sociais. Neste trabalho, analisamos os bancos de sementes através de uma abordagem qualitativa, que combina tanto entrevistas em profundidade

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Noah’s arks in the XXI century. A typology of seed banks

Cited by 10 publications

References 20 publications

Genebank Operation in the Arena of Access and Benefit-Sharing Policies

Genebank Operation in the Arena of Access and Benefit-Sharing Policies

An informational view of accession rarity and allele specificity in germplasm banks for management and conservation

Los bancos de semillas: entre la preservación y la apropiación de recursos naturales. El acceso a los recursos fitogenéticos en la Argentina

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