NOAA's Merged Land–Ocean Surface Temperature Analysis

Abstract

A coherent picture of global surface temperature change since the late nineteenth century ennerges from a statistical reconstruction of an integrated collection of historical temperature observations over the land and ocean.T he most widely recognized measure of observed climate change is the century-scale trend in globally averaged surface temperature. The global average is a simple theoretical concept, but its computation in practice is far from trivial. The complexity stems mainly from the idiosyncrasies of historical weather observations, most of which were collected for operational purposes, such as aviation and agriculture, rather than climate change detection. In particular, certain practices that are of little operational significance such as relocating a station or changing its instrumentation, may profoundly impact the integrity of the climate record (Aguilar et al.

Extreme Precipitation and Climate Gradients in Patagonia Revealed by High-Resolution Regional Atmospheric Climate Modeling

“…Moreover, it remains unclear whether these decreasing temperature trends are real or related to data inhomogeneities in the driving atmospheric reanalyses; for example, although National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis suggests that a long-term warming of ;0.5 K occurred at 850 hPa in the period 1960-2000, a slight cooling in the 1990s compared to the 1980s was found (Rasmussen et al 2007). These small cooling trends are confirmed by ERA-Interim at 850 and 700 hPa (not shown) and also by satellite observations (Vose et al 2012), but cannot be validated due to the lack of upper-air (radiosonde) observations or mountain station observations (Rasmussen et al 2007). In general, we find that the signal of temporal variability of temperature and precipitation from year to year dominates that of a possible long-term trend in the period 1979-2012.…”

The reliability of global and hemispheric surface temperature records

“…The four main groups are: the UK Meteorological Office Hadley Centre/Climatic Research Unit, which produces HadCRUT4 ; http://www.cru.uea. ac.uk/cru/data/temperature/, and http://hadobs.metoffice.com/ hadcrut4/)-an updated version of HadCRUT3 (Brohan et al, 2006); the US National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI; Karl et al, 2015; https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ climate-monitoring), which is an updated version of Smith et al (2008) and Vose et al (2012); the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS; Hansen et al, 2010; http://data.giss. nasa.gov/gistemp/), which is an updated version of Hansen et al (1999Hansen et al ( , 2006; and the Berkeley Earth Group (BEST; Rohde et al, 2013aRohde et al, , 2013b; http://berkeleyearth.org/).…”

CMIP5 Model-based Assessment of Anthropogenic Influence on Highly Anomalous Arctic Warmth During November–December 2016

“…ES7.1). We also analyzed the HadCRUT4 (Morice et al 2012), NOAA (Vose et al 2012), Berkeley Earth Land+Ocean (Rohde et al 2014), and Cowtan & Way version 2.0 (Cowtan and Way 2014) datasets to assess uncertainties in the Arctic temperature index derived from the GISTEMP data (online supplement material).…”